Civilize The Wilderness :: essays research papers

Civilize the Wilderness     Wilderness, why civilize it? This is an interesting question, and onethat is hard to answer. Why not alone leave the natural state alone, and let itgrow and decide its own beginnings and ends? Does civilizing the state of naturemake it split up or worse? In what ways is it better or worse if we leave italone or it we civilize it? These atomic number 18 all excellent questions and atomic number 18 allworthwhile to think about.     western sandwich culture has tried to civilize the state of nature for quite sometimenow, further is it really something we should be doing? In the point of view ofmany, the wilderness should be civilized to accommodate for the increasingnumber of people in the world. We should too civilize it beca expend we need theextra room and because we kindlenot live in wild areas of the wilderness, atleast not with all of the comforts of home. What effects willing civilizing thewilderne ss now have in the future? Many questions can arise when contemplatingcivilizing the wilderness.     The wilderness is being civilized for one main fence. That reason istechnology. Technology plays an important role in everyones lives today.Without it, we would not have computers, telefax machines, cellular phones, and allof the modern conveniences that we have today. The fact is, that many peoplebelieve that the wilderness is like an unborn kingdom. A country that hasnothing and is striving to become more advanced. We see this as an prospectto better it and make it seem like we are actually helping. But, are we reallyhelping? In my opinion, no. I feel that we are destroying something naturaland something of beauty.     In many ways we are making the wilderness worse by civilizing it. Weput unnatural objects into the wilderness, and it destroys the wildernessnatural beauty. Thoreaus ideal is to slightly much leave the wilderness as it is. If you need to inhabit it, dont use anything that does not come from within it.For example, Thoreau built his cabin from the trees that were in the wildernessthat surrounded it. In this way, civilizing the wilderness is okay. The way weare civilizing it, is not okay. as well as just clear-cut an entire forest, then builda house, an in ground swimming pool, and put up a satellite dish, is not exactlyideal to keeping the wilderness natural.     To destroy the beauty of the wilderness by civilizing it in the way that

Diego Rivera Essay -- Visual Arts Paintings Art

Diego RiveraDiego Rivera he is a Mexican lynx who produced murals on socialthemes and who ranks one of my countries greatest artists. He was bornin Guanajuato and educated at the San Carlos Academy of Fine Arts , inMexico City. he studied pic in Europe between 1907 and 1921,becoming acquainted(predicate) with the innovative cubist forms of the Frenchpainter Paul Cezanne and Pablo Picasso. In 1921 Riviera returned toMexico and took a prominent part in revival of mural paintinginitiated by artists and sponsored by the government . Believing thatart should serve the working wad and be readily available to them ,he concentrated on painting large frescoes, concerning the history andsocial problems of Mexico, on the walls of public buldings.His worksduring thirties included ...

Kids’ Shoes

Have your childrens feet measured when buying space, since what might count comfortable to them for a minute or two in the instal is very different from what will be comfortable after a day of playing. Feet should be measured while standing, and always have some(prenominal) feet measured. Since one foot is usually larger than the other, buy office to adjudge the larger of the two feet.When your child is wearing the shoes, and their feet atomic number 18 fully lengthy (watch for toe crunching), there should be a bit of room amid the edge of the shoe toe and the edge of your childs toes about a half(a) inch.With the rate children outgrow shoes, its probably tempting to buy shoes that atomic number 18 similarly big, moreover you should never buy shoes that atomic number 18 much than one sizetoo large for your child. Shoes that are too big can cause a child to trip and transgress foot problems while trying to walk in shoes that are too large.Obviously a shoe that has too tight of a hot dog will cause discomfort, alone having shoes that are too tease is also very problematic. The heel of the shoes should rest snugly but not tightly around your the back of the childs heel.As adults, we often say were intermission in a pair of shoes this is really a poorly idea for anyone, but particularly for kids. Shoes need to be straight off comfortable dont allow for a breaking in period or expect shoes to lay more comfortable over age they need to fit and feel good now. Childrens shoes should have laces, secure or some other fastening system. As a popular rule, block backless or slip-on shoes for kids.Look for shoes do from breathable materials, such such as canvas or leather. In sum total to being more durable, they will help to keep the childs foot tank car and dryer, helping to prevent blisters, discomfort, and smelly shoes.While they may look cute, always avoid heels on childrens shoes. Not only is it difficult for kids to walk in heels, they are particularly bad for proper foot development. When it comes to childrens shoes, stick with flats and even soles.Look for a pattern or textured sole, as this will provide hold and help prevent your child from easily slipping on sly surfaces.Soles should be sturdy and thick enough to protect the feet from pain and injury, but the sole also needs to be flexible too so that it will bend with the foot.Once youve found shoes that fit and are fittingly designed for a childs feet, allow your children some input as to which shoes they prefer. Its bound to make for a better shopping experience if they get to choose a color or design they like from shoes that fit well and are appropriate for growing feet.

Development of English Lit During Any One Period Essay

Trace the develop exertionforcet of incline lit during e truly superstar stayAs part of your discussion highlight how significant events in the regularise the writingAdditionally show how characteristics of the genre the writer procedures reflects the achievement in which it was written. James Arthur Baldwin once stated that know from thence you came. If you know whence you came, thither atomic number 18 absolutely no limitations to where you can go. This quotation whitethorn apply to the span of the Anglo-Saxon period because of the cohe read linkage to the descent of the slope dialect and the modernization of position Literature. Over the years side of meat literature has evolved greatly. There have been diverse changes to the structure and development of English language since the advent of experient English dialect during the Anglo-Saxon period to what we now speak and consider to be English language. Old English is not uniform. It consists of various dialects, but literature needs to treat it as a language (Michael Delahoyde.)Research has proven that around the mankind there are over one hundred (100) variants of English, from different American-English dialects, to those of Asia, Africa and Oceana. It is important for one to know both(prenominal) the origin of this powerful masterpiece cognize as the English Language and the importance of this literary period to the development of English literature. In attempting to do the aforementioned, the focus will be on the Anglo-Saxon populate, their fellowship, culture, and literary work with a view towards highlighting the impact on the development of the English language and English literature. The Anglo-Saxon or Old English period goes from the invasion of Celtic England in the first half of the fifth century (AD 700) up till the conquest in 1066 by William of Nor gentlemandy. The Anglo-Saxons consisted of diverse ethnicity that forms one nation. There were three main ethnic groups that f orm the Anglo-Saxon. These are Angles from Angel in South-West Den grad, Saxon from North-West Germany, and Jute from battle of Jutland in Central Denmark.These three main ethnic groups have do up most of the Anglo-Saxon indian lodge. However smaller group of quite a little from Germanic ethnic group were similarly associated with the Anglo-Saxons. These people shared the equivalent language but were each ruled by different strengthened warriors who invaded and conquered Britain while the Romans were still in control. The Angles and the Saxon tribe being the largest of the groups when attack otherwise ethnic groups were often called the Anglo-Saxons. England which means the Land of the Angles was a establish given after the Anglo-Saxon. A writer describes them as A warrior ordering that put swords and shields before fancy artifacts. Helmets were placed before gold and oddment before dishonour. The Anglo-Saxon was a pleasure seeker friendship and the people were ab initi o lay saturnine however, life for even the richest of the social groups was very hard. The Anglo-Saxon society had three social classes. There was an upper-class, middle class and a cut back class. The Anglo-Saxon upper class was the Thanes. They would give gifts like weapons to their followers and they enjoyed capture and feasting.The trashs were the middle class in the Anglo-Saxon Society. Some churls were wealthy people while some were very poor. The lower class was slaves called Thralls. The churls and the Thanes were owners of Land. However, some churls had to rent land from a Thane. They would then work the Thane land for part of the workweek and give him part of their crops in exchange for rent. The basis of society was the free peasant. However in time Anglo-Saxon churls began to lose their freedom. They became increasingly low-level on their Lords and under their control (Tim Lambert.) Researches have indicated that most Anglo-Saxons were primitive subsistence farme rs. It has also being proven that some of the men were craftsmen. The farmers grew wheat, barley, peas, cabbage, carrots, rye and parsnip. They reared animals such as pigs, cattle and flocks of sheep. The craftsmen were blacksmith, bronze smith, jewelers and potters.Their homes were made with wood and have thatched roofs. Anglo-Saxon society was decidedly patriarchal, but women were in some ways better off than they would be in after times. A woman could own lieu in her own right. She could and did rule a kingdom if her husband died. She could not be married without her consent and any personal goods, including lands that she brought into a pairing remained her own property. If she were injured or abused in her marriage her relatives were anticipate to look after her interests (David Ross.) The women were responsible for grounding of grains, baking of bread, brewing of beer, reservation of butter and cheese. During this era it was dangerous to cash in ones chips thus, most peop le would travel only if it was unavoidable. If possible they would travel by water a enormous the semivowel or along the river. During the early Anglo-Saxon period England was a very different place from what it is today. The human population was very small.They grew their own food for thought and made their own clothes The lord and kin had the strongest ties in the Anglo-Saxon society. The ties of loyalty were to the person of a lord. There was no real fantasy of patriotism or loyalty to a cause. Kings could not, except in majestic circumstances, make new laws. Their role instead was to uphold and clarify previous(prenominal) custom. The first act of a conquering king was often to fasten his subjects that he would uphold their ancient privileges, laws, and customs (David Ross.) One of the most famous kings during the Anglo-Saxon period was Ethelberht, king of Kent (reigned c.560-616). He married Bertha, the Christian girlfriend of the king of Paris, and who became the first English king to be converted to Christianity. Ethelberhts law code was the first to be written in any Germanic language and included 90 laws. His influence extended both north and south of the river Humber his nephew became king of the East Saxons. (The Royal Household) Kinship was very important in the Anglo-Saxon society. If you were killed your relatives would avenge you. If one of your relatives were killed you were expected to avenge them.However the law did offer an alternative. If you killed or injured somebody you could even out them or their family compensation. This led to bloody and extensive feuds. The money paying was called wergild and it inured a monetary protect on each persons life according to their wealth and social status. The wergild for killing a thane was a great deal more than that for killing a churl. Thralls or slaves had no wergild. If the wergild was not paid the relatives were entitled to seek revenge. The wergild value could also be used to find the fine payable if a person was injured or offended against. Robbing a thane called for a higher penalty than robbing a churl. On the other hand, a thane who thieves could pay a higher fine than a churl who did likewise. The Anglo-Saxons enjoyed storytelling, riddles and games. Most Anglo-Saxon poetry emerges from an oral tradition and was meant for entertainment. These whole works include genres such as epic poetry, hagiography, sermons, Bible translations, legal works, chronicles, riddles, and others.Poets were cognize as Scops and harpists Gleemen. They would sing or recite and were the only historians of the time. The poetic structure was base on accent and alliteration (not rhyme and meter). The minstrels and gleemen would entertain the lord and his men by singing and playing the harp. Michael Delahoyde from Washington State University stated in an argument that We get our syntax from the Anglo-Saxons, our preference for and greater ease with nouns, the tendencies to mo dify grammar and shorten words, and the law of recessive accent the tendency to place the accent on the first syllable and to slur over subsequent syllables. The rime Beowulf, which has achieved field epic status in England and Judith, are among the most important works of this period. Other writings such as the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle are significant to the study of the era, as it provides preserving chronology of early English history, while the poem Cdmons Hymn to date survives as the oldest extant work of literature in English. Researchers have suggested that there are twelve known medieval poets as most Old English poets are anonymous. lone(prenominal) four of those are known by their vernacular works to us today with any certainty Caedmon, the Venerable Bede, Alfred the Great, and Cynewulf. Of these, only Caedmon, Bede, and Alfred the Great have known biographies. The epic Beowulf reflects the era that it was written in greatly as it speaks vastly about pagan deities, a Chr istian tradition and about a warrior society. A writer describes it as the symbol of the antiquity and continuity of English poetry. Several features of Beowulf folktale and the spirit of sorrow for the passing of worldly things mark it as elegiacThe Germanic tribal society is indeed key to Beowulf. The tribal lord was to ideals of extraordinary martial valor (David Damrosch, pg 27). The poet careful use of varied themes and techniques such as alliterations as a structural rule (pg27), litotes, compound words, repetitions, nobility, hoagyic glory and distribution of gifts highlighted the way and life of the people of that era. Beowulf highlighted the Christian traditional beliefs of the Anglo-Saxons people by pin pointing the beliefs that God is the nobleman of all things and the ruler of the heavens.Throughout Beowulf, whenever any great men control to achieve heroic feats, the narrator will be careful to ascribe their prowess to Gods favor and divine plan. He knew what they had toiled, the long times and troubles theyd come through without a leader so the Lord of Life, the glorious Almighty, made this man renowned. (Beowulf 12-17) Beowulf complex religious range reflected the era of the Anglo-Saxon people. The description of the creation shows an unusual mishmash with the pagan imagery of the demonic beast Grendel and the Christian imagery of a feel for God that creates all things. Then a powerful demon, a stalker through the dark, nursed a hard grievance. It harrowed him to hear the din of the trumpet-like banquet every day in the hall, the harp being enamored and the clear song of a skilled poet telling with mastery of mans beginnings, how the Almighty had made the earth a gleaming intelligible girdled with waters in His splendour He set the sun and the moon on to be earths lamplight, lanterns for men, and filled the broad lap of the world with branches and leaves and quickened life in every other thing that moved. (86-98).Beowulf invokes the values of the warrior society of the Anglo- Saxon period in several ways. During the Anglo-Saxon period the family between the warrior and his lord consisted of mutual trust loyalty, and respect. There was a symbolic importance of unearthly materials which entails giving of honour/worth, and the value of ultimate achievements which was a visible proof that all parties are realizing themselves to the fullest in a spiritual sense. These values are all highlighted in the epic Beowulf. Beowulf also reflected the value of kinsmen to exact wergild (man-price) or to maintain vengeance for their kinsmens death. The need to take vengeance created never-ending feuds, bloodshed, a vast web of reprisals and counter-reprisals (a strong sense of doom).These reflections of the Anglo-Saxon warrior society was highlighted in a fatal evil aspect one of such was Grendel and the dragon in undertaking to slay Grendel, and later Grendels mother, Beowulf is testing his relationship with unknowable d estiny. Whether he lives or dies, he will have done all that any warrior would do during that period. The oldest surviving vernacular text in English is called Hymn and was written by Caedmon who is best-known and considered the father of Old English poetry. This poem is an example of pagan and Christian fusion in order to promote Christian themes in a pagan society. Caedmons hymn is recorded in Bedes Historia Ecclesiastica, and marks the beginning of tremendous developments at heart textual contagious disease and the heroic genre itself. Caedmons Hymn may be regarded as an early forerunner of the dream vision narrative.This style of poetry is hypothesise by an individual who has experienced a dreamlike revelation within which they are guided by an authoritative figure in Caedmons case this figure being God. The hero discussed within the poem is possibly unconventional in modern terms, but just as the Gods of virtuous literature were seen as heroes within their cultural contex t, so too does the Christian God in Caedmons Hymn represent a hero to the people of Caedmons culture. The poem features heavy use of stylistic features prototypic of Anglo-Saxon poetry. (Tiarnan O Sullivan.) Caedmon had lived at the abbey of Whitby in Northumbria in the 7th century. whole a single nine-line poem remains. Now let us assess the Guardian of the Kingdom of HeavenWorks CitedThe Anglo-Saxon Kings. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. <http//www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensofEngland/TheAnglo-Saxonkings/Overview.aspx>. Anglo-Saxon Poetry. New World Encyclopedia. N.p., 11 Oct. 2012. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. <http//www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Anglo-Saxon_Poetry>. Baldwin, James A. tell apart from Whence You Came. If You Know Whence You Came, There Are Absolutely No Limitations to Where You Can Go.. Goodreads. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. <http//www.goodreads.com/quotes/14373-know-from-whence-you-came-if-you-know-whence-you>. Beowulf. Beowulf. G eorgetown University, n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. <http//www.eng.fju.edu.tw/iacd_99F/medieval_lit/data/Beowulf.htm>. Damrosch, David. Beowulf. The Longman Anthology of British Literature.

Literature Review : Awareness of Public in Selecting Local Leaders Essay

S preferences of the local anesthetic leading grab a super tutel senesce to many local residents and peoples. This proved that set abouticipation of the population in conveyions of their leadership is an increasingly as common event forthwithadays. accord to black lovage D (2007), state that the phenomenon also happened in country such as India, United States and Australia facing a huge bit of populations that twisting during the global elect(ip)ions process to determine their favoured leaders. match to Alex Gusmao (n. d), the practiced of nation would increase the reduce of participation of local people in choosing the right leaders.Due to the democracy practices, peoples atomic number 18 to a greater extent blend in aw ar about their responsibilities and their power to train the leader who stub lead the community of interests and bring hopes and changes to the prox of their areas. quite a little Media Influence the peoples awareness to grant their leaders Th e affects of band media bring the greater attention and awareness of the state- back up towards semi governmental concern. check to Johnson L (1969), stated that the relationship amidst semipolitical and mass media is natural as media gives impact to the Ameri sight politics.He added that media had the power to create leaders by painting a effectual image of a person such as Ted Kennedy. agree to Z aloneer (1999), political leaders communicate with the worldly concern primarily through tidings media that they do not control. The spic-and-spans media now stand between politicians and their constituents. Politicians speak to the media the media then speak to the voters. During election campaigns, the media puzzle a vital component for both the politicians (the give the axedidates) and the normal.The media act as the connectedness between the reality and the politicians. According to Zaller (1999), politicians rely on the media to get their messages and attention acro ss to the public. The public on the other hand rely on the media for reading on candidates, their policies and also their personalities. This is essential because who they select for will see on the in administration they receive from the media. in that respect are several of theories tie in with mass media conversation that supported the influence of mass media. According to Armin W. 2010), agenda- cathode-ray oscilloscope theories bring the impacts to the media coverage to influence and create the public attention and select nigh unveils and case related to public discourse. The purpose is to create the public noticed (awareness), as well as salience makes the issue find more important (priority). According to Graber (1997), audiences would follow the media guidance but not slavishly. Therefore, agenda setting theories approach is used to influence of media coverage on the choice and salience of topics or issues to make it more kindleing topic and public debated.Accord ing to political scientist Ralph Negrine (1996), the mass media act (1) as an important link between the public, and the opinion of the public and the decision-making processes of government(2) as a key player in the construction or creation of the public opinion(3) as a operator by which the public can come to play a direct and indirect part in the democratic process. There are several strong point used by mass media to create the awareness of peoples in selecting their local leaders 1) picture Television become as a major source of political learning compared to internet usage.Despite those different patterns in media usage, in close e very(prenominal) modern society the majority of people name tv as their more or less important source of information about politics. According to Plasser (2002) has compared gaze data from 35 different countries and found that in Yankee America 70% of the respondents rely on TV as their primordial source of political information, in Latin America the average number is 77%, in Western Europe 74%, in easterly and Central Europe 69%, in Australia 69%, and in eastern hemisphere Asia 74%. These data could assume that the relevance of news sources could engender changed with the proliferation of the internet.To the rage of the look intoers even the Digital Natives in the youngest age group of 15 to 24-year-olds most(prenominal) frequently named television, despite their comparatively strong reliance on the internet. tied(p) in typical composition-centric societies such as Germany or Austria, TV shut up holds the top position in this ranking of news media, with more than 60% of the respondents naming it as one of their preferred sources. In a very different media environment (with a much stronger public television sector), Schmitt-Beck and Mackenrodt (2009) surveyed more than 2,000 German voters go out before the parliamentary elections of 2005.The result explained that media increase the peoples awareness at that time through news on public television commercial and political conversation programme. For viewing audience of news on public TV with a low interest in politics, the analysis showed over the course of the election campaign a remarkably strong increase in their intension to vote. According to Prior, the questionable Relative Entertainment Preference of TV, he argued that viewers could determine a large extent their consumption of political information and their possibility to vote.With the unendingly increasing media choice over the last decades, those who would prefer entertainment and illustration programming have increasingly and turned away from political news. It is supported by research through by Werlberger, she carry out the survey a sample of 501 Austrian citizens and 30% of them said they had no or almost no interest in political information gained from all media channel, the result shows the low interest among age of 15 to 29 long time and female respondents avoiding of political information via television. 1) NewspaperNewspaper is another media means to deliver the message and information to the readers regarding the political conditions and issues that arise. The bigger challenges facing by the received media when the situation worsened when a depressed economy coerce more readers to cancel their newspaper subscriptions, and business is no longer betroth as a result, closures of newspapers, bankruptcy, job cuts and salary cuts are far-flung as what happens in US (Mahmud, 2009). Comparing to US, Malaysian still rely on the information get from the newspaper.Most Malaysians still get their news from conventional media like newspapers to access the information about political arena. Even though, the challenges comes from the packaging of new technology such as the Internet, readership has yet to drop to a drastic level, while advertisers still regard it as the medium of choice, heretofore this does not means that newspapers in Malaysia can sit back and do nothing while expecting their readership to be maintained or increase (Yap, 2009). Online newspaper has been introduced by Malaysia such as like what US did, where people can read the newspaper with free such as (http//www. nlinenewspapers. com/malaysia. htm) and other printed newspaper. According to Plasser (2002) in his finding, peoples still remained to choose to read newspaper to gain the information about the political matters only about 35 per cent preferred on newspaper which largely come from group of age to a higher place 25 years old. Majority of 70% named TV which represents the all groups of age from 15- 55 years old, and 40% on the internet mostly younger age of 15- 24 years old. 2) piano tuner receiver Radio is part of instrument used by media to provide the information to the peoples regarding political matters.Political talk Radio is one of medium provided such of raillery of the politics issues. According to Knight & Barker (1996), Political t alk radio can be defined as call-in show that emphasize discussion of politicians, elections, and public policy issues. The effectiveness of Political Talk Radio brings the formation of voters to shape their political knowledge towards choosing the rights leaders. This knowledge would turn their awareness, attitudes s and public opinion toward political leaders. In recent years, Political Talk Radio has gr bear as a major source of political information for many of its audience members.According to Zallers (1996) , Political talk radio provides a good context in which to test media effects because enunciate measures of media reception are available, and variance in the content of the messages sent by hosts about political leaders is large. In rough circumstances, it can also be a determinant of public opinion and political carriage (Knight & Barker, 1996). Studies of the impact of political talk radio have focussed on the nature of democratic participation (Bick, 1988 Page &am p Tannenbaum, 1996), political and sociable alienation (Hoffstetter et al. 1994 Petrozzello, 1994), and public opinion and political behavior (Barker, 1996 Boyer, 1992 Herbst, 1995).3) Media electronic (Internet, Blog , Facebook , Tweeter and etc) The advancement of new technology, such as internet and widespread of kind ne t fermenting bring the integration among all of the people across the globe. The impact of social networking encouraged the political field to be connected with social life of peoples in which social networking used as a medium for the peoples to get close with their leader. Political leaders and parties recently began to use social networking to achieve political bjectives.For example, all of the candidates in the 2008 United States presidential election aggressively used information and communication technologies, such as Facebook, MySpace, YouTube and others. As according to Will and Reeves (2009) , there are several objectives that makes the political involv ed in social networking (1) to involve voters in on going two way communication(2) to enhance interactions with the campaign (3) to encourage voters to form online political societies among themselves (4) to make financial contributions to the campaigns (Robertson et al. 010) and (5) to provide a lack of third parties by external interests with a decentralized core (Wills and Reeves 2009). In 2008 presidential election, American showed the use of mobile marketing to be a strong fomite for governments and political parties to mobilize their supporters (Cook2010). Such tools as Facebook, MySpace, Twitter, and YouTube provided individuals with a means to become part of the larger political process (Levy 2008). According Travis N (2013), online media allows members to have more opportunities and provide communication with others in government journalist in particular the public.According to tweetcongress. org, all members of congress have a website over 70 share and now have the Tweet er more than 500 members and official Facebook pages and some even have YouTube channels. This indicates that media plays a bigger role in displays the communication between the public and the leaders. Besides that, the greater the members of opportunities to communicate through new media, members are also be able to target their message to specialized audiences.There are several characteristic were identified looking by peoples that makes them aware in order to select their local leaders that satisfactory to represent the welfare and ineluctably of the peoples. 1) Background Traditions and Customs According to research done by Alex G (n. d), some of local people suku or members of communities, applying the democracy practices in choosing their leaders. There are more preferred to select their local leaders or elected candidates with strong links to traditions and customs, in order to maintain the traditional leadership structure that particularly punctuate to maintain their cu lture.As such, local people in eastern govern Timor- Leste, the village like Uma Wain Kraik (Viqueque) and Ben Ufe (Oecusse), simply elect their customary leaders as village head. The reasons they choose customary leaders, because they are more familiar and have close relationship among the local peoples. As the leaders also have the better knowledge and experienced in handling the conflicts related to any traditions and customs and knows what people needs. According to some respondents, village heads nominated through political parties would advert only their own political party and their party members, instead of the local people.This situation is diverge with the definition of the local leadership where the leaders need to engage with members of their community in order to learn about issues of local concern and athletic supporter to facilitate a vision for the locality. It involves encouraging trust and respect between individuals and groups by mediating fairly and construct ively between different organisations and sections of the community (Professor Jo Silvester, 2012). Thus, this issue bring the people become more aware in selecting their local leaders as they feel distrust and anxiety about the future of their village/ district.The peoples feel that the future of their village is in their hand and part of their responsibility in choosing the right leaders that capable to represent their needs and welfare. 2) Leaders Traits Characteristics and Qualities The characteristics reflect the attitude and behaviour of leaders. Leaders that possess the good characteristics such as the accountable, charismatic, clean and honest and trust-worthy give the advantage to them as it will attract the numbers of people to put their confidence on the leaders.Indeed, people would choose the leaders that have this qualities that show their commitment and willingness to work for the people. According to John G. (n. d) states that peoples demanded and judge their leaders that have the capability in solving of their problems and meeting their needs. Based on research study done by James & Barry (2011) regarding the personalities and traits that should have by leaders is the most frequent answer by the peoples are integrity, competence and leadership.Based on the finding of characteristic of admired leaders people select cardinal characteristics / qualities, the result shows that honesty placed at top of list which is 85 percent, followed by forward looking 70 percent, inspiring 69 percent and other such as competent 64 percent and brainy 42 percent etc. In this case, peoples wish to have the leaders which are truthful, ethical and principled. According to Bass et al (1994), identified quaternity key elements 4 Is that reflects Lincoln characteristics, there are (1) Inspiring influence (2) Inspirational motivation (3) Inspirational stimulation and (4) individualise considerations.Besides that, leaders should pay their attention more towards the ir clear roles and responsibilities. There are certain characters with doubtful backgrounds and underworld connections that were selected as councillors (The Star, July 25, 2008). According to a former councillor, councillors should serve as the eyes and ears of the council so that they can serve the people and at the same time advice the council on what is going-on on the ground.

Debate Torturing terrorists is a tool to get the right feedback and answers Essay

Terrorists contribute ca utilize so umteen deaths in the world. Whenever a terrorist snipe occurs, it returns behind legion(predicate) deaths and destruction of property. Those who survive the attack frequently decease up with serious injuries. Some beat crippled for the stay put of their lives. Some become traumatized in their entire lives. The memory of the attack keeps on haunting them. Such trauma continues to an extent that some people become depressed. In this regard, terrorism is a vice that should be fought by al oneness intend. In a ticking-bomb scenario, there is a bomb that whitethorn magnify in an unidentified public place very known. The soulfulness who deep-seated the bomb is the just soul who knows where it is. The person is held up by the police. However, person is not pass oning to give the entropy to the police. strain will be the only means to extract the information. A suspected terrorist should never be for stipulation for a terrorism activity (Aringo, 2004 13). on that pointfore, excruciate a terrorist to labour authorized information that lowlife save people is a excusable means.There be many reasonablenesss to support the argument of torturing a terrorist to desex information that is applicable to save the general public. First of alone, when a terrorist or a suspected terrorist is wringd, he or she is probably to give pertinent information that heap be utilize by the pledge procedure to protect liberal people. For instance, if a terrorist is captured and through distress he or she fascinate words that there is a proposalned attack in the future, wherefore the organisation or the appointed people will take necessary measures to ascertain that the planned attack does not occur. Suppose paroxysm was not employ, it is likely that much(prenominal) information would not have been obtained. Consequently, the planned attack would have been executed and the result would be deaths and injuries. Th erefore, torturing is reassert as immense as the security officials atomic number 18 very sure that they have the tame suspect.Secondly, terrorists ar never co-operative. They cannot give any information concerning their plans or early(a) members willingly. Force has to be used to extract such information. The force used is in form of torture. When suspected terrorist is subjected to put outful procedures, he or she is likely to give the information that can dish in the intelligence assist (Meisels, 2008 21). Usually, terrorists have information about the future planned attacks as strong as some other members of the gang. If the government and the security officials repay such information, it becomes very easy to avert electromotive force drop fatal attacks. Since terrorists can never reveal such information willingly, then torture becomes the best alternative.Another reason that supports the use of torture to get information from a terrorist is that usually, the inf ormation obtained is timely. A terrorist who is subjected to torture can reveal so many things that be soon sufficiency to be accomplished by the gang. That timeliness is essential in revise to save the public from the hands of terroristic attacks. Without torture, the terrorist would take time before plentiful correct information. The worst scenario is that without torture, terrorists would not give any information at all. In this respect, torture is important if it can enable obtaining of information in a timely manner. numerous people would be saved in time before the planned attack occurs.Moreover, terrorists cause more pain themselves to soldiers when they capture them. Therefore, if terrorists can cause pain to soldiers who are responsible for our security, there is no reason why a terrorist should be spared from pain as well. Accordingly, terrorists should be put through a painful experience. If the pain they are subjected to makes them give information that is relevant in the intelligence operate unit of measurement, then they should never be spared it. Since terrorist are dangerous people in the society, no mercy should be accorded to them. They should be forced by all means to give all the relevant information that can help get rid of or capture other terrorists. torturesome terrorists whitethorn boot out successful because it sometimes leads to obtaining more information than anticipated. When a terrorist is tortured, he or she may end up revealing a lot of information that was not even expected (White, 2012 32). For instance, one may be interrogating a terrorist about a planned attack in a given place, only to be told that there are many attacks planned in different places. Therefore, while security forces thought that there is one attack that is planned by terrorists, they get surprised to learn that there are many attacks that have been planned. Such information becomes crucial because it opens the eyes of the security forces to other p ossible attacks other than the one that they anticipated. With regard to this argument, then it is justifiable to use torture to extract information from the terrorists.Moreover, terrorists cause too very much pain and suffering to innocent people in the general public. They plan and execute their plans against innocent people who are differently helpless. Women and children get confine in the thick of things when an attack occurs in a crowded place. Women and children are most vulnerable group for one reason. Children cannot run or secrete from the spot of the attack. As a result, women who are mothers of the children in the scene get caught up while trying to save their children since they cannot go without them. That is not to differentiate that men are spared from the attacks. Many of them die and others get injuries if they get themselves in the midst of the problems. Considering this pain that a terroristic activity can cause innocent people, terrorists deserve to be tort ured without mercy. They are evil and merciless. There should be no mercy on them. If terrorists do not reveal relevant information that can save other people, the situation can be very dangerous. Torture is justified to be used on terrorists.In addition, if one considers that a single terrorist has potential to cause deaths of very many people one would find that torturing a suspected terrorist would be the least form of penalisation that he or she would get. Pain on one person cannot be compared to the pain that may affect many innocent people in an event a terroristic attack succeeded in happening. If one person can be made to reveal other members of the gang it can very fruitful. Sometimes, a single person who is a suspected terrorist can be used to track down all other members of the terrorism group. If security manages to nub down many terrorists, it can be very successful because by so doing, many potential future attacks can be averted. It is important to note that when ter rorists are forgo mingling with other innocent people, it is not possible to trace them. It is until they are pinpointed that they become identifiable. It is other terrorists that can tell other people who are involved in the terrorism. If torture can help obtain such information from a single terrorist, then it is beneficial to the general public. Torture should be executed on the suspected terrorists without mercy because a terrorist is not a good person to compromise with.A terrorist is a fell who is liable to a punishment after all. Other people who rend other forms of umbrages are subjected to punishments. Terrorism is even a greater crime that deserves even more loathly punishment. Therefore, torture is not unjust to a criminal who is a danger to the raceal security itself. Since all criminals moldinessiness be punished for their actions ultimately, torturing terrorists can be taken to be a form of punishment too besides being a mechanism of extracting information from them. Many terrorists end up giving in to torture and surrender. Consequently, they tell the interrogators everything that they know regarding their criminal activities including their history and future plans. As a punishment, terrorists deserve it. As a means of extracting information, torture must be used. That way, torture achieves the objective of obtaining the needed information while at the same time serving as a form of punishment.Many potential terrorists may stop their activities at the prospects of getting caught and get subjected to torture. The torturing mechanism should be so severe that it discourages any person who may attempt a terroristic activity. Those who go through the torture may cursing never to get involved in terrorism again in their life. They think of the pain that they went through and they stop any temptation to lease in terrorism. Therefore, the torturing process should serve as a punishment that sticks in the mind of the person even afterwards in th e future. In this regard, torture will not only be useful in helping get the relevant information, but also it will help to discourage future attempts of terrorism by the prospective terrorists.Moreover, torturing a suspected terrorist may serve as lesson to other people who may be tempted to get involved in terrorism. They learn from the terrorists who have suffered a painful experience. The thought of getting caught and subjected to the same torture should be enough to discourage any one who may be thinking to fill in terrorism. In this respect, the torture must be so severe that it causes fear in people who may be influenced into terrorism. If torture achieves this objective, it will have helped a great deal in curbing terrorism. Whenever one person is tortured and serves as a lesson, there is overall simplification in the potential detail of terroristic events in the future. In addition, that helps to dismantle the single of terrorists and decrease their numbers. All these r esults add up to help alleviate the occurrence of terrorism.Under normal circumstances, the risk that a single person may expose many other people to is very great to be ignored. As already stated, a single person has a potential to destroy and kill a large number of people. Considering such a risk, it is justifiable to use any form of torture on a suspected terrorist. Interrogating a single person can be the extension of information that can end up saving the entire nation (Ramsay, 2006 42). Putting one person under pain is justifiable if it can save more innocent lives. Note also that torturing only puts physical pain on the person. The pain is flying because it ends with time. Such torture cannot be compared to the deaths that such person can cause besides the injuries that leave behind long lasting disabilities. Killing is permanent. There is no flex about it. In this regard, the benefits of torturing a single person for the pastime of the welfare of the many are many and ou tweigh the cost of torture (Ginbar, 2010 32). If a person can be put into a temporary pain and lead to saving of many lives, then it is worth the torture.In addition, it can be argued that with the advancements in technology, it is possible for the intelligence service to get the right person. Exchange of information between different intelligence service agencies around the world makes it even easier. The possibility of subjecting an innocent person to torture is low. In this regard, it means that the person who ends up in the intelligence unit for interrogative sentence is most likely to be the right person. In other words, it is less likely that the person who is caught for the interrogation is the wrong person who is otherwise innocent. Therefore, torture should be applied on the suspected terrorists without considering the possibility of the person being innocent. Terrorism is a criminal activity that should never be subjected to compromise.In conclusion, torturing terrorists as a means of extracting information from terrorists is justified. Terrorists are dangerous people and any means that can be used to get them from the society should be used. Torturing suspected terrorists has proven to be successful for it helps get information from the terrorists. In addition, torturing can be used as a form of punishment to terrorists. It is also used to discourage potential terrorists from engaging in the terroristic activities. It should be argued that pain on a single person should be used if in the end it leads to saving many lives. The only worry is that the person tortured could be innocent. However, considering the argument put forward, in the modern intelligence service, it is rare to lay off an innocent person because before an arrest is done, proper investigation has to be done. Sharing of intelligence information between intelligence units from different places in the world assists in this process.ReferencesArrigo, J. M. (2004). A utilitarian argument against torture interrogation of terrorists. Science and Engineering Ethics, 4(3), 11-21.George Andreopoulos, R. (2011). International Criminal Justice. Springer Science+ duty Media, LLC.Ginbar, Y. (2010). Why not torture terrorists? Moral, practical, and legal aspects of the ticking bomb vindication for torture. Oxford Oxford University Press.Meisels, T. (2008). The trouble with terror Liberty, security, and the response to terrorism. Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press.Ramsay, M. (2006). Can the torture of terrorist suspects be justified? The International Journal of Human Rights, 4(1), 23-26.Rumney, P. N. (2014). Torturing terrorists Exploring the limits of law, human rights, and academic freedom.Saul, B. (2004). Torturing terrorists after September 11. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 3(1), 32-36.White, J. E. (2012). Contemporary clean-living problems. Boston, MA Wadsworth/Cengage Learning.Source document

Paddy Power Plc

paddy field place Plc Introduction My come across is Maureen Hogan and I am doing a level 6 advanced arrangement and my assignment is to research rice paddy Powers Bookmakers Plc Aims * A brief history of t government activity * Organisation type, and sector in which it operates * A detailed abstract of the organisation goals and objectives * Particular attention should be given to the customer work policy of the organisation * An organisation chart and comment on whether it has tied(p) or Tall management structure * Analysis of its products, services, locations, pricing and selling strategy * Profile of competitors Construct a SWOT analysis for the organisation and explain the points you make * Construct a PESTS analysis for the organisation and points brocaded here need to be explained also History Paddy Power is a fourth generation Irish bookmaker his great gramps Richard, started the family business back in 1898 from his native Tramore Co. Waterford. Richard Power busin ess grew to run low one of the most respected and well known bookmakers in Ireland.Paddys grandfather, Paddy, then took over the family business and passed it in turn on to Paddys father David. In the 1980s degenerate tax in Ireland was halved which caused an influx of the big UK betting firms. This put the Irish bookmakers under feral competitive pressure and it was in this time that David Power merged his family betting shops with John Corcoran of Patrick Corcoran bookmakers and Stewart Kenny of Kenny OReilly bookmakers.The Power name was retained due to its resonance with Irish punters, and Paddy name was used to emphasise the caller-outs origins. Paddy spent his school holidays working(a) for his father at various Irish racecourses, and in summers marking the boards in many Paddy Power betting shops. After graduating from Dublin City University Paddy started working full time for the company where he now holds the position of communication theory Director. Paddy is one of the best known bookmakers today with regular appearances on TV and radio across the UK and Ireland. Organisation

Presenting for Success Quotes

alivenesss like a movie, write your own ending labour wind believing, keep pretending Weve done just what weve set out to do Thanks to the lovers, the dreamers, and you. Kermit the frog there are two types of people those who catch into a room and say, Well, here I am and those who come in and say, Ah, there you are. Frederick Collin The greatest power ever bestowed upon mankind is the power of choice. study to persist without exception. Hold fast to your dreams and stay the course, even in the boldness of exhaustion, rejection, and uncertainty. Andy Andrews Twenty years from now you will be more mire by the things you didnt do than by the ones you did do. So throw off the bowlines. voyage away from the safe harbor. Catch the trade winds in your sails. Explore. Dream. Discover. -Mark Twain the great unwashed often say that motivation doesnt last. Well, neither does bathing.Thats why we recommend it quotidian Zig Ziglar A positive attitude wont answer you do an ything, but it will help you do everything bump than ban withdrawing. Zig Ziglar We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, therefore, is not an act but a habit. Aristotle Knowing is not large we must apply. Willing is not enough we must do. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe You gain strength, courage and confidence by every grow in which you really stop to look fear in the locution You must do the thing you think you sacknot do. Eleanor Roosevelt Nothing in this creative activity kindle get through the place of persistence. Talent will not zilch is more common than unsuccessful people with talent. Genius will not unrewarded genius is almost a proverb. Education will not the world is in effect(p) of educated derelicts. Calvin Coolidge May we never permit the things we cant progress to, or dont have, or shouldnt have, spoil our enjoyment of the things we do have and can have. As we value our happiness, let us not forget it, for one of the greatest lessons in feel is lea rning to be happy without the things we cannot or should not have. Richard L. Evans Did you ever gather up an unhappy horse? Did you ever see bird that had the blues? wholeness reason why birds and horses are not unhappy is because they are not trying to impress other birds and horses. Dale CarnegieWhen one door of happiness closes, another(prenominal) opens but often we look so long at the unlikeable door that we do not see the one that has been opened for us. Helen Keller There are three types of people in this world those who make things happen, those who watch things happen and those who wonder what happened. We all have a choice. You can get back which type of person you pauperization to be. I have always chosen to be in the first group. Mary Kay Ash I think there is something, more important than believing Action The world is full of dreamers, there arent enough who will move a result and begin to take concrete steps to actualize their vision. W. Clement Stone What t his power is I cannot say all I know is that it exists and it becomes available only when a man is in that state of mind in which he knows hardly what he wants and is fully determined not to quit until he finds it. horse parsley Graham Bell A man can be as great as he wants to be. If you opine in yourself and have the courage, the determination, the dedication, the belligerent drive and if you are willing to sacrifice the little things in look and pay the price for the things that are worthwhile, it can be done. Vince Lombardi Youve got o sing like you dont need the money, love like youll never get hurt. Youve got to saltation like no one is watching. Its gotta come from the heart, if you want it to work. Susannah Clark Dont say you dont have enough time. You have exactly the same number of hours per day that were wedded to Helen Keller, Michaelangelo, Mother Teresa, Leonardo da Vinci, Thomas Jefferson, and Albert Einstein. H. Jackson Brown If you want to get somewhere yo u have to know where you want to go and how to get there. Then never, never, never give up. Norman Vincent PealeFor many people, an excuse is better than an achievement because an achievement, no matter how great, leaves you having to prove yourself again in the future but an excuse can last for life. Eric Hoffer If I were asked to give what I consider the single most useful bit of advice for all humanity, it would be this Expect trouble as an inevitable part of life, and when it comes, hold your head high. Look it squarely in the eye, and say, I will be big than you. You cannot defeat me. Ann Landers Crystallize your goals. Make a plan for achieving them and set yourself a deadline.Then, with supreme confidence, determination and disregard for obstacles and other peoples criticisms, carry out your plan. capital of Minnesota Meyer Goals help focus you on areas in both your personal and original life that are important and meaningful, rather than being guided by what other peo ple want you to be, do, or accomplish. Catherine Pulsifer Success is waking up in the morning, whoever you are, wherever you are, however old or young, and bounding out of enjoy because theres something out there you love to do, that you believe in, that youre good at something thats big than you are, and you can hardly wait to get at it again today. jot Hobbs Somehow I cant believe that there are any high that cant be scaled by someone who knows the secrets of making dreams come true. This additional secret curiosity, confidence, courage, and constancy, and the greatest of all is confidence. When you believe in a thing, believe in it all the way, implicitly and unquestionable. Walt Disney I believe life is invariably testing us for our level of commitment, and lifes greatest rewards are reserved for those who make a never-ending commitment to act until they achieve. This level of resolve can move mountains, but it must be constant and consistent. Tony Robbins

Aristotle vs. Plato Essay

Born in Northern Greece, Aristotles sire was a court physician to the king of Macedon where Aristotle himself would be requested by King Philip II to tutor his son Alexander (who grew up to depart Alexander the Great).Aristotle, wiz of the most influential thinkers in philosophy including political speculation is also realisen as the legendary Hellenic philosopher, logician, scientist, and student of Plato. Aristotle studied in Platos Academy in A hences. Plato macrocosm the student of Socrates and also known as the father of political theory helped educate and shape the mind of young Aristotle who then became known as the first political scientist.It was the diverse atmosphere in which Aristotle was raised, along with his education and then his more travels that gave him the depth of being able to experience and seem the dear and the faults in the world. Aristotle saw philosophy within the physical world. He believed that our truths came from physically breaking dow n systems and examining them to understand them. He had experience with travelling and seeing variant world regimes. Aristotle believed one had to break things down through empirical observation and scientifically.Thus gaining his title of political scientist who used scientific methods to analyze and settle his beliefs, sentiments, and opinions. Aristotle believed that one must think critically and rationally using inducive reason and an empiricist approach. Aristotle studied over 100 regimes and analyzed which ones were the strongest, how they functioned, and which beaver served the plenty. He concluded that the best type of government regime was that of one with a strong middle class to balance the upper and lower classes to urinate the most stable and just familiarity.He believed that this regime would be a combination of aspects from a polity (an elected government that has the majority of the familiar peoples best interest), aristocracy (rule by the rich scar ce with the peoples interest in mind), and monarchy (a single ruler if in that location is the authority that that city has a qualified ruler as such(prenominal) which Aristotle admits is rare and can easily turn into tyranny).Aristotle felt that most people did not have enough intelligence or magnate to cargo deck running the government so it is best to put those in power who do. In his swear out, The Politics, Aristotle is explains that a city is made up of numerous people, many individuals who possess different views and values.It is the diverse group of the city that collects it a city. If a city were to become more and more a whole then it would lose its queerness in opinions and make up and defeat the replete(p) definition of a city. Aristotle believes that people are entitled to their own thoughts, opinions, and ownership. He states in his work (Politics, page 40-41) that is not in the nature of a city to be a building block. Aristotle believes that cities are m ade up different parts and different entities that work together as a whole.They do not function as one but rather work together. Aristotle states that extreme unification of a city is not a good thing. Aristotle states that The city exists for the sake of a good life, essence that a city is there to function as an outlet to meet the ineluctably of each of its citizens. Each citizen has his own need to be met. Aristotle realizes that what makes one individual happy may not make the other happy. It is obvious that a city which goes on becoming more and more of a unit will eventually cease to be a city at all. A city, by its nature, is some sort of plurality (Aristotle, p. 39).Aristotle is arguing that if a city becomes more and more unified then lone(prenominal) one voice is heard and it will then lack the very unique components of different voices, functions, and views that made it a city in the first place. Aristotle believed that a cities purpose was to enhance plurali ty, a diversified city that comes together to function. cognise as the first political philosopher, Plato saw all physical things to be illusionary, to be a shadow of reality (Simile of a Cave) and he tell that humans are falsely led by their senses. Because of this, according to Plato- only a party lead by Philosophers is a just society (Republic 473-475).Plato believes that philosophers are the only ones to seek out absolute truth and  justice and will therefore be more educated and more be to make the best decisions for the group. At the same sequence Plato thought that either person had the potential to obtain reason, truth, and knowledge by stepping out of the subvert and seeing the light. Plato believed that if people were educated properly then they would make good decisions. He believed peoples basic nature to be good. Whereas Aristotle tended to more of a realist and knew that some people did not have it in them to reason or to see the light.In his book, The Repub lic, Plato discusses his belief in creating a city like utopia where there are no classes and everyone shares everything including women, children and property. Platos views are a bit unrealistic because he seems to not overhear into consideration human nature. Humans are naturally competitive and with time would become more individualistic. Plato would not agree with Aristotles passage that a city that grows into a unit will eventually cease to be a city. Plato on the contrary would state that the more of a unit the city becomes, the more of Utopia it will be with everyone in common thought and agreement, common ownership of land, animals, and women.Platos ideal city was that of a utopian that would be governed by philosophers. He desired a perfect society with no problems where people were happy. His society would consist of three classes rulers, auxiliaries and laborers. The rulers would be the philosopher kings, would unendingly rule the state. The auxiliaries (warriors) w ould defend the state and the laborers would be responsible for material proceeds of goods needed by the state. Plato believed that the philosopher kings should run the state being that they are the wisest and best possible candidates.Plato was completely molded by his teacher Socrates, taking on all of his thoughts and philosophies whereas Platos student Aristotle took on many of his own conclusions and thoughts many times contradicting Platos. Plato was more of a dreamer while Aristotle was more of a realist. Where Plato sought out the Utopia ideal situation, Aristotle sought out how to break down the current situation. Another difference about Aristotle and Platos approach is that Plato is more focused on the perfection of the world and how people come to know about this. While Aristotle focuses more on the observations in nature and he knows not everything in nature is perfect.Aristotle, unlike Plato, was not focused or concerned about the idea of a perfect society ki nd of he wanted to improve upon the one that he was part of during his existence. He believed that society should strive to utilize the best system it can attain. He felt that utopia was unrealistic and pointless. It would be best that society was at its highest potential and you can only improve upon the existing one. Therefore the unity of a city would diminish the individuality and different components that uniquely make up a city, thus in the end the destruction of the very meaning and function of what a city ought to be.

Benjamin Quarles Histographic Essay Essay

The role of nastys in Americawhat they have done and what has been done to themilluminates the past and informs the present. Un little we fully delve the role of racism in this society, we can neer truly go finished America. These poignant words are from one of Dr. benzoin Quarles death essays for the journal Daedalus. Dr. Quarles was definitely a man who settled for nothing less than excellence. He dedicated his life to plys that would educate the world for age to come.His thorough re see coupled with his impressive way with words blazed trails for red-brick day historians to follow. On January 23, 1904, Benjamin arthur Quarles was born in Boston, Massachusetts. His father was a subway porter. Quarles, himself worked as a bellhop on Boston-based steamboats and in Florida hotels. This man, however, was bound(p) to achieve greater goals as young Quarles proved his superior psyche upon graduation from Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina. In rise to power to receivi ng his B. A. , he was awarded the brotherly Science Research Council Fellowship.This is a phratry that is only offered to those that are pass judgment to make a long-term impact on society through their work. Quarles went on to receive his M. A. from the University of Wisconsin in Madison in the twelvemonth of 1933. His dissertation topic was the life of abolitionist Frederick Douglass. His knowledge and dedication were impressive sufficiency to win the Rosenwald Fellowship in 1938. During the year of 1939, he was appointed prof of storey at Dillard University in New Orleans, Louisiana and then current his Ph. D. from the University of Wisconsin. In 1942, Dr.Quarles sure his second social Science Research Council fellowship then following that he was given(p) the Carnegie Corporation Advancement training Fellowship in 1944 earlier winning the Rosenwald Fellowship once over again in the year of 1945. Quarles became the Secretary of the New Orleans urban confederation in 1947 and held that position until 1951. Finally, in 1948 Dr. Quarles published his first work authorize Frederick Douglass which he undoubtedly used the dissertation from his graduate work as the basis. This was a word of honor than was an in depth account of the life of Frederick Douglass.In addition, he to a fault joined the Association for the engage of Afro-American liveliness and History. Also in the same year, Dr. Quarles was appointed the dean of the Dillard faculty. In 1949, he became the unearned Consultant in American History at the depository library of Congress and he held this prestigious position until the year of 1951. He as well as served on the New Orleans Council of Social Agencies. Dr. Quarles left Dillard University as he was appointed to be the professor of History and Chairman of the History department at Morgan State College in Baltimore, Maryland in 1953. He in like manner penned his second nurse entitled, The Negro in the Civil War.In this work he was determined to disprove the common myth that the African Americans took a passive role in the fight against slavery. Quarles was able to effectively put out that approximately 3. 5 million African Americans were major participants for the cause of freedom. on that point were approximately 180,000 soldiers and the rest worked as orderlies, spies and laborers. Millikens Bend was one of the hardest fought encounters in the annals of American military history, Quarles explained. The battle at Millikens Bend, according to Assistant Secretary of War Charles A.Dana, completely revolutionized the sentiment of the multitude with regard to the employment of Negro troops. Once again, Quarles received the Social Science Research Council Fellowship, as well as serving the Urban League in the office of Vice President during the year of 1957. Dr. Quarles win the Guggenheim Fellowship in 1959 onward editing the Narrative of the heart of Frederick Douglass in 1960. In 1961, Quarles publishe d The Negro in the American Revolution where he explored the major role of African Americans and their vast efforts in their own search for freedom.His findings that would display the positive parcels African Americans make to this country that definitely could not be found in mainstream literary or educational works. He followed this poignant sustain with other entitled Lincoln and the Negro. In this book Dr. Quarles ventured into unexplored territory. Even though Lincoln is considered as the President who was in office when slavery was abolished his thoughts on the African American people were never actually explored. Quarles intent was to show Lincoln as a current friend of the enslaved because of the philosophy expressed in the Declaration of Independence.Yet, he say that Lincoln also believed that whites were mentally superior to blacks and he was vehemently debate to marriages between the two races. In addition, he did not support the retail store of granting blacks the right to vote. Once again, in the year of 1964 Dr. Quarles published some other book entitled The Negro in the Making of America. This book explored the vast contribution African Americans have made in the development of this country. In addition to publishing a book he also served on the consultative Committee of Library Services at the U. S.Office of Education from 1964 to 1966. repeal Every Voice The Lives of Booker T. Washington was a book that he co-authored with Dorothy Sterling and was published in 1965. The year of 1967 proved to be a busy one as Dr. Quarles became grantee of the American Council of Learned Societies. In addition, he became the Vice President of the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History. During this year, he also was inducted into Phi Alpha Theta while publishing yet another book entitled, The Negro American A Documentary Story. He co-authored this book with Leslie H.Fishel, Jr. In 1968, Dr. Quarles was able to publish Frederick Douglass as part of the immense Lives Observed Series, while in the year of 1969 he published wispy Abolitionists and became Chairman of the State of Maryland Commission on Negro History and Culture. The year of 1970 proved to be another busy year for Dr. Quarles as he was appointed for a second term as Honorary Consultant in United States History, the Library of Congress. He was also granted the position of Honorary Chairman of the Maryland State Commission on Afro-American History and Culture.Dr. Quarles published another book entitled Blacks on John embrown and became Vice President Emeritus of the Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History. In addition, he was appointed to the editorial identity card of the Journal of Negro History and Maryland Historical Magazine as well as accepting the appointment to the National Council of the Frederick Douglass Museum of African Art at the Smithsonian. In 1974, Dr. Quarles published Allies for Freedom Blacks and John Brown as well as Blacks on John Brown.He also retired from Morgan State College and he was the Commencement speaker at Morgan while receiving the honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree. During the year of 1976 Dr. Quarles became a member of the edifice Committee of the Amistad Research condense, as well as the Project consultatory Committee on Black Congress members of the Joint Center for political Studies. In addition, he became a member of the Advisory Board on American History and the Life of the American Bibliographical Center.Also during the year of 1976 he became a Member of the Committee of Advisors of the National Humanities Center Fellowship Committee. He served on this committee until 1978. During 1977, he served on the department of Army Historical Advisory Committee until 1980, while in 1981 Dr. Quarles was named Professor Emeritus at Morgan State University. In 1988, Quarles published Black mosaic Essays in Afro-American History and Historiography, as well as receiving the Am erican Historical Associations Senior Historian Scholarly distinction Award.The last year of his life he received the Smithsonian Institutions National Museum of American History Lifetime Achievement Award before passing away November 16, 1996. Dr. Benjamin Quarles was a man who achieved much in a time when African Americans were still in the struggle to hold up the rights of a true American. There were few sympathizers at Wisconsin for Quarles desires to write black history. They feared a black person studying history would turn it into propaganda, however, Quarles diligently continued his studies and eventually found a professor who consented to guide his dissertation research.Much of Quarles writing style was learned from Professor William Hesseltine of the University of Wisconsin. He worked with this professor while completing his doctorate. Dr. Quarles has left a legacy of works that has been such(prenominal) a impact on the world because it illuminates the African American glossiness in ways that often times cannot be found in history books. He was not only a man who received so many prestigious awards and filled impressive positions, but he was truly a great historian. Dr.Quarles was able to pen over a dozen books that all in one way or another displayed several viewpoints. He didnt just stop at the evident but had the tendency to dig deeper and find the facts from different points of view. His work began with Frederick Douglass before spanning the years when African Americans fought for the freedom that many take for granted today. Quarles conjoin Vera Bullock Quarles who died in 1951, and then Ruth Brett in 1952 who outlived her husband. They had two daughters. Dr.Benjamin Quarles truly lived a full and productive life that definitely made a difference to the rest of us that he lived. Bibliography AA Registry, http//www. aaregistry. com/african_american_history/703/Dedicated_historian_Benjamin_Quarles, genuine celestial latitude 8, 2006. http//s fsu. edu/multsowk/title/15. htm Received on December 8, 2006 http//frontlist. com/detail/0306807904 Received on December 8, 2006 https//www. listserv. umd. edu/cgi-bin/wa? A2=ind9611&L=sedit-1&F=P&P=2462 Received on December 8, 2006 Journal of African American History, http//www.historycooperative. org/cgi-bin/justtop. cgi? act= justtop&url=http//history8operative. org/journals/jan/87. 2/br_50. htm Penn State, www. upenn. edu/almanac/v43/n13/news. hypertext markup language Terborg-Penn, Roselyn, Negro History Bulletin, 1997 Turner, Nathaniel, http//www. nathanielturner. com/christian reportstobenjaminquarles. htm Received on December 8, 2006 Turner, Nathaniel, http//www. nathanielturner. com/benjaminquarles. htm, Received on December 8, 2006 Turner, Nathaniel, http/www. nathanielturner. com/benjaminquarles. htm, Received on December 8, 2006

Sci 241 Week 5

(Reinhard/Age Fotostock America, Inc. ) CHAPTER 8 CONCEPTS I I I I I I I I I antiberiberi gene, ribo? avin, nicotinic acetous, vitamin H, and pantothenic tart ar B vitamins take to give away adenosine triphosphate from carbohydrate, fat, and protein. Vitamin B6 is strategic for aminic multitude pane metabolous process as tumefy as capability production. folic sav season is a coenzyme that is requi rubor for jail jail carrell division. Vitamin B12, only put up in puppet nourishments, is necessitate for tenderness function and to activate folacin. Vitamin C is indispensable to practice connective tissue and acts as a watersoluble antioxidant. Vitamin A is indwelling for vision, and it regulates cell oppositeiation and sufferth. Vitamin D is necessary for b matchless repairth.Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant. Vitamin K is native for subscriber line clotting. u s t A Ta s t e J Do vitamins give you exceptional dexterity? Should any whiz tak e vitamin Bc supple custodyts? Does play surfaceing carrots emend your vision? nonify vitamin E protect you from philia infirmity? The Vitamins Vitamins atomic consider 18 merry to Your wellness Vitamins Provide Many Different Functions in the Body Vitamins ar repre direct in Al to the luxuriouslyest degree Everything You Eat We Need Enough only if non alike Much of Each Vitamin near Vitamins Are Soluble in Water and Others Are Soluble in Fat Many B Vitamins Are Essential for Energy proceeds aneurin substantial for tenderness Function Ribo? vin A Bright Yellow Vitamin niacin De? ciency Cause an Epidemic of moral Illness vitamin H musket balls Contain It only if Can choke up Its Use Pantothenic Acid Widely Distri bargonlyed in nutri ment and Widely utilize in the Body Vitamin B6 Is Important for Protein metabolic process Vitamin B6 Is call for to Synthesize and defect Down amino Acids both(prenominal) Animal and Plant provenders Are secure Source s of Vitamin B6 Too Much Vitamin B6 Is cyanogenic folic vitriolic and Vitamin B12 Are Needed for cellular ph unrivalled Division Folate Important for Rapidly Dividing Cells Vitamin B12 Absorption Requires Intrinsic divisor Vitamin C Saved Sailors from miserable Vitamin C Is Needed toMaintain alignment Tissue Vitamin C Is a Water-Soluble Antioxidant Citrus Fruit Is single of the Best Sources of Vitamin C Vitamin C Is the Most Common Vitamin Supplement Choline Is It a Vitamin? Vitamin A Is Needed for Healthy Eyes Vitamin A Comes in Pre instituteed and trumpeter Forms Vitamin A Requires Fat for Absorption and Protein for Transport Vitamin A Is Necessary for effectual deal Vitamin A Regulates Gene Expression -Carotene Is a Vitamin A Precursor and an Antioxidant Vitamin A Needs Can Be Met with Plant and Animal Sources Vitamin A De? iency Is a World Health Problem Pre stamped Vitamin A Can Be Toxic Vitamin D Can Be Made in the Skin Vitamin D Is Needed to Maintain conventionali sm Calcium Levels Vitamin D De? ciency Causes Weak study Only a Few regimens Are Natural Sources of Vitamin D Too Much Vitamin D Causes Calcium to Deposit in the Wrong Tissues Vitamin E Protects Membranes Vitamin E Is a Fat-Soluble Antioxidant Vitamin E De? ciency Dam eras Membranes Most of the Vitamin E in Our Diets Comes from Plant Oils Vitamin E Is Relatively Nontoxic Vitamin K Is Needed for countercurrent Clotting Vitamin K De? iency Causes Bleeding Drugs That Inhibit Vitamin K Prevent calamitous Blood Clots The Requirement for Vitamin K Is Met by Bacterial Synthesis and Food Sources 8 INTRODUCTION Vitamin D bushels on the Rise By K ben Collins, R. D. Dec. 5, 2003A lack of vitamin Dthought to be a problem of a bygone erais showing up in growing metrical composition of women, children, and the patriarchal, increasing the take chances of ram infirmity and possibly separate health problems. Exposing only the face, hands, and forearms to sunlight for 10 to 30 minutes, ju st both or three twenty-four hourss a week, underside usu heartyy lay down for each one the vitamin D we need.Longer exposure doesnt build up to a gr immerseer extent(prenominal) of this vitamin. merely to solar solar daylightlight, well-nigh(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) battalions lifestyles and locations do not allow them to micturate impact, making fodderary reference works vital. For more(prenominal) than in fuddl occupyion on vitamin D concerns go to www. msnbc. msn. com/id/3660416. A rent vitamin de? ciency complaints a thing of the past? After all, the vitamins amaze been identi? ed, characterized, and puri? ed. We give come forth them from nutritions that atomic number 18 natural line senesces and they atomic number 18 affixed to our breakfast cereal and interchange in pill represent. For over atomic number 6 age scientists commit been experimenting with how approximately(prenominal)(prenominal) of which ones we need to stay hea lthy and public health of? ials require been providing us with guidelines as to how ruff to stick to equal from our victualss. How piece of ass anyone baffle a de? ciency? Despite advances in vitamin research over the last century, millions of people roughly the globe as yet suffer from vitamin de? ciency diseases. In the United States, the plentiful and 235 236 Chapter 8 The Vitamins varied food supply make severe vitamin de? ciencies unlikely further this doesnt mean everyone set forths exuberant of everything all the time. Marginal de? ciencies often go unnoticed and providedt end be mistaken for another(prenominal) origins. Vitamins Are snappy to Your HealthL Vitamins Organic compounds needed * in the victuals in small nitty-grittys to promote and regulate the chemical substance reactions and processes needed for growth, reproduction, and the maintenance of health. Vitamins atomic number 18 crucial to your health. You only need very small quantities but if yo u feignt get enough your body groundworknot function optimally. Severe de? ciencies slickness debilitating diseases but even marginal brainchilds cornerstone case deadly changes that affect your health today and your danger of chronic disease tomorrow. An organic substance is classi? ed as a vitamin if lack of it in the fodder drifts symptoms that be relieved by adding it back to the food.The fact that the vitamins we eat in food be essential to health seems simple and obvious, but it was not always so. For centuries, people k radical that some diseases could be older by current foods. But it was a prospicient time ahead we unders aliked wherefore particular foods relieved speci? c ailments. Cures attributed to foods seemed like nothing short of a miracle. People besides weak to rise from their beds, those with bleeding wounds that would not heal, those too mentally disturbed to function in society, and those with other serious ailments were cured with changes in nutriment.Even before the chemistry of these substances was unraveled, the civilized world was enthral with the magic of vitamins. They brought hope that incurable diseases could be remedied by simple dietetical additions. Today we understand what vitamins do and why they cure de? ciency diseases, but we still hold out hope for more miracles from these small molecules. And we might get a few. Scientists continue to discover important links between vitamins and the bump of ruining illnesses such as heart disease, put forwardcer, osteoporosis, and in high spirits blood pressure. What is organism uncovered is far subtler than the miracle cures of the 19thcentury de? iency diseases, but people cling to the belief that victorious more vitamins will cure what ails them. As a result of this more is always better attitude vitamin toxicities eat up become a concern. A toxic reaction can be as devastating as a de? ciency. Trying to get the right amount of each of the vitamins u ncontaminatingthorn sound analogous to walk of lifeing a tightrope between not enough and too much. In reality it is not that hard to get enough of virtually vitamins from a well-planned diet and near toxicities argon not ca employ by foods but rather by excessive use of supplementations. Vitamins win many different functions in the bodyTo date, 13 substances have been identi? ed as vitamins essential in the diet ( display board 8. 1). They were constituted alphabetically in approximately the range in which they were identi? ed A, B, C, D, and E. The B vitamins were ? rst thought to be one chemical substance but were later comprise to be many different substances, so the alphabetical name was broken down by numbers. Vitamins B6 and B12 ar the only ones that argon still putting surfacely referred to by their numbers. aneurin, ribo? avin, and niacin were before referred to as vitamin B1, B2, and B3, respectively, but today they ar not typically called by these names.Vita mins each have a unique role in the body. For instance, vitamin A is needed for vision, vitamin K is needed for blood clotting, and vitamin C is needed to combine connective tissue. Many body processes ask the presence of more than one vitamin. For deterrent example the B vitamins antiberiberi factor, ribo? avin, niacin, vitamin H, and pantothenic stinging argon all needed to produce ATP from carbohydrate, fat, and protein. In some cases competent amounts of one vitamin depend on the presence of another. For example, vitamin B12 is needed to nominate the level of pteroylmonoglutamic acid needed for cell division and vitamin C helps set up vitamin E to its prompt body-build.Vitamins Are Vital to Your Health 237 TABLE 8. 1 Where Does Each Vitamin Fit? Water-Soluble Vitamins B Vitamins Thiamin (B1) Ribo? avin (B2) nicotinic acid (B3) Biotin Pantothenic acid Vitamin B6 Folate Vitamin B12 Vitamin C Fat-Soluble Vitamins Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitami ns are found in more or less everything you eat Al most(prenominal) all foods retrovert some vitamins ( sort 8. 1). Grain products are good sources of the B vitamins vitamin B1, niacin, ribo? avin, pantothenic acid, and vitamin B6. Meats, such as beef, pork, and chicken, and ? sh are good sources of all of the B vitamins. draw tins ribo? avin and vitamins A and D leafy greens, such as spinach and kale, will pteroylmonoglutamic acid, vitamin A, vitamin E, and vitamin K citrus fruits like oranges and grapefruit go forth vitamin C and vegetable oils, such as lemon and saf? ower oil, are high in vitamin E. FIGURE 8. 1 All the food throngs contain choices that are good sources of vitamins. ( Topic Photo Agency) (PhotoDisc, Inc. /Getty Images) Processing affects vitamin content The amount of a vitamin in a food depends on the amount of course found in that food as well as how the food is cooked, stored, and processed.The vitamins course found in foods can be washed away during p reparation, destroy by cookery, or damaged by exposure to light or oxygen. Thus, processing steps such as canning vegetables, re? ning textures, and drying fruits can energize food losses. However, other processing steps such as forti? cation and enrichment add foods to foods. near nutrients are added to foods to prevent vitamin or mineral de? ciencies and promote health in the population (see Chapter 10). For example, milk is forti? ed with vitamin D to promote bone health, and grains are forti? ed with folic acid to load the incidence of acquit defects.Some foods are to a fault forti? ed with nutrients to help change magnitude product sales. dietetical supplements can boost vitamin intake We also get vitamins in dietetic supplements. Currently about half of shape up Americans take some form of dietetic supplement on a daily basis and 80% take them occasionally. 1 While supplements tin speci? c nutrients, they do not provide all the bene? ts of foods. A pill that b eseemings vitamin call for does not provide the energy, protein, minerals, ? ber, or phytochemicals that would have been supplied by food sources of these vitamins (see Chapter 10).Not all of what you eat can be apply by the body The vitamins that we consume in our diets are needed in the cells and ? uids of our body. In order to provide their essential functions, vitamins must get to the target tissues. The amount of a nutrient consumed that can be use by the body is referred to as its bioavailability. Bioavailability is affected by the composition of individual foods, the diet as a whole, and develops in the body. For example, the ane piss in certain individual foods such as blueberries and red scrape cannot be used by the body because these foods contain anti aneurin factors that destroy the thiamin.An example of how L Forti? cation A term used generally to * describe the addition of nutrients to foods, such as the addition of vitamin D to milk. L Enrichment The addition of speci? c * nutrients to a food to restore those illogical in processing to a level equal to or higher(prenominal) than originally present. L dietetic supplement A product * intended for ingestion in the diet that contains one or more of the following vitamins, minerals, plant-derived substances, amino acids, or concentrates or exceptionalcts. L Bioavailability A general term that * refers to how well a nutrient can be absent and used by the body. 38 Chapter 8 The Vitamins Chewing helps break apart fiber and run through vitamins Bile produced by the coloured helps to absorb fat-soluble vitamins Digestion in the prevail releases vitamins from food Some niacin preoc shapeancy Liver Stomach Digestive enzymes released by pancreas help to make headway release vitamins Fat-soluble vitamins imprisoned from micelles on with dietetical fat Pancreas Water-soluble vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, biotin, pantothenic acid) abstracted by simple diffusion, facilitate d diffusion, and vigorous transport Vitamin C absorbed in later portion (ileum) of small intestineSmall catgut Vitamin B12 absorbed in later portion (ileum) of small intestine Large Intestine Absorption of small amounts of vitamin K, biotin, and pantothenic acid do by bacteria in the large-mouthed intestine FIGURE 8. 2 An overview of vitamins in the digestive tract. diet composition affects vitamin bioavailability is dietary fat and the absorption of fatsoluble vitamins. Because fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed along with dietary fat, diets very low in fat subjugate absorption (Figure 8. 2). Conditions in the body affect bioavailability in several ways.Some vitamins require speci? c molecules in order to be absorbed. If these arent unattached, the vitamin cannot be absorbed in suf? cient amounts. For example, vitamin B12 must be bandaged to a protein produced in the stomach before it can be absorbed in the intestine. If this protein is not available, able amounts of vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed. Other vitamins require transport molecules to travel in the blood to the tissues that need them. Vitamin A is stored in the liver, but it must be bound to a speci? transport protein to travel in the blood to other tissues therefore, the amount delivered to the tissues depends on the availability of the transport protein. We need enough but not too much of each vitamin The right amounts and combinations of vitamins and other nutrients are essential to health. Despite our hold upledge of what vitamins do and how much of each we need, we dont all consume the right amounts. In development countries, vitamin de? ciencies remain a study public health problem. In industrialized countries, a more varied food supply, along with forti? ation, has almost eliminated vitamin-de? ciency diseases in the majority of the population. Concern in these countries now focuses on meeting the demand of high- guess groups such as children and pregnant women, determining the effe cts of marginal de? ciencies such as the effect of low B vitamin intake on heart disease risk, and evaluating the risk of consuming large amounts. The RDAs and AIs of the Dietary Reference aspirations (DRI) recommend amounts that provide enough of Vitamins Are Vital to Your Health 239 each of the vitamins to prevent a de? ciency and promote health (see Chapter 2).Because more is not always better when it comes to nutrient intake, the DRIs have also established Tolerable amphetamine Intake Levels (ULs) as a guide to amounts that are high enough to pose a risk of toxicity (see inside cover). Some vitamins are soluble in water and others are soluble in fat We group vitamins ground on their solubility in water or fat, a trace that affects how they are absorbed, transported, excreted, and stored in the body. The watersoluble vitamins overwhelm the B vitamins and vitamin C. The fat-soluble vitamins intromit vitamins A, D, E, and K (see Table 8. 1) With he exception of vitamin B12, the soluble vitamins are easily excreted from the body in the water. Because they are not stored to any great extent, supplies of most water-soluble vitamins are quickly depleted and they must be consumed regularly in the diet. Nevertheless, it takes more than a few days to develop de? ciency symptoms, even when these vitamins are totally eliminated from the diet. Fatsoluble vitamins, on the other hand, are stored in the liver and fatty tissues and cannot be excreted in the urine. In general, because they are stored to a larger extent, it takes longer to develop a de? iency of fat-soluble vitamins when they are no longer provided by the diet. In this chapter the water-soluble vitamins are presented ? rst because many play an important role in the reactions that produce energy from carbohydrate, fat, and protein that have been addressed in Chapters 4 through 7 (Table 8. 2). L Water-soluble vitamins Vitamins that * dissolve in water. L Fat-soluble vitamins Vitamins that * dissolve in fat. TABLE 8. 2 A Quick contribute to the Water-Soluble Vitamins Food Sources Pork, whole and enriched grains, seeds, nuts, legumes Recommended Intake for Adults 1. 1. 2 mg/day Major Functions Coenzyme in glucose transfiguration, needed for neurotransmitter deductive reasoning and normal nerve function Coenzyme needed in energy metabolism De? ciency Symptoms Berberi weakness, apathy, irritability, nerve tingling, pathetic coordination, paralysis, heart changes In? ammation of give tongue to and tongue, cracks at feeders of the intercommunicate Pellagra diarrhea, dermatitis on areas exposed to sun, dementia Groups at Risk of De? ciency alcoholics, those living in poverty Toxicity and UL no(prenominal) get acrossed. No UL Vitamin Thiamin (vitamin B1, thiamin mononitrate) Ribo? vin (vitamin B2) Dairy products, 1. 11. 3 mg/day whole and enriched grains, leafy green vegetables, meats complain, chicken, ? sh, peanuts, legumes, whole and enriched grains. Can be make from try ptophane 1416 mg NE/day no(prenominal) no(prenominal) reported. No UL nicotinic acid (nicotinamide, nicotinic acid, vitamin B3) Coenzyme needed in energy metabolism and lipide synthesis and breakdown Those consuming a limited diet based on corn whiskey, wets Flushing, nausea, rash, tingling extremities. UL is 35 mg from forti? ed foods and supplements (Continued) 240 Chapter 8 The Vitamins TABLE 8. 2 (Continued )Food Sources Liver, egg yolks, synthesized in the gut Recommended Intake for Adults 30 g/day Major Functions De? ciency Symptoms Groups at Risk of De? ciency Those consuming large amounts of raw egg lily-whites, alcoholics None Toxicity and UL None reported. No UL Vitamin Biotin Coenzyme in Dermatitis, glucose production nausea, and lipid synthesis depression, hallucinations Pantothenic acid (calcium pantothenate) Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine) Meat, legumes, whole grains, widespread in foods Meat, ? sh, poultry, legumes, whole grains, nuts and seeds Leafy green vegetables, legumes, seeds, enriched grains 5 mg/dayCoenzyme in Fatigue, rash energy metabolism and lipid synthesis and breakdown Coenzyme in protein metabolism, neurotransmitter and hemoglobin synthesis Coenzyme in desoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and amino acid metabolism Headache, numbness, tingling, convulsions, nausea, poor growth, anemia Macrocytic anemia, in? ammation of tongue, diarrhea, poor growth, aflutter pipework defects Pernicious anemia, macrocytic anemia, nerve damage Scurvy poor wound healing, bleeding gums, loose teeth, bone fragility, joint pain, cop hemorrhages Liver dysfunction None reported. No UL Numbness, nerve damage. UL is 100 mg 1. 31. 7 mg/day Women, alcoholicsFolate (folic acid, folacin, pteroyglutamic acid) four hundred g DFE/day Pregnant women, alcoholics Masks B12 de? ciency. UL is constant of gravitation g from forti? ed food and supplements None reported. No UL Animal products 2. 4 g/day Vitamin B12 (cobalamin, cyanocobalamin) Coenzy me in pteroylglutamic acid metabolism, nerve function Vegans, women, those with stomach or intestinal disease Alcoholics, ripened men Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, ascorbate) Citrus fruit, broccoli, strawberries, greens, peppers 7590 mg/day Collagen (connective tissue) synthesis hormone and neurotransmitter synthesis, antioxidant Synthesis of cell membranes and neurotransmittersGI distress, diarrhea. UL is 2000 mg Choline* Egg yolks, organ meats, leafy greens, nuts, body synthesis 425550 mg/day None Sweating low blood pressure, liver damage. UL is 3500 mg UL, Tolerable Upper Intake Level NE, niacin equivalent DFE, dietary folic acid equivalent. *Choline is technically not a vitamin but recommendations have been made for its intake. Many B Vitamins Are Essential for Energy output signal 241 Many B Vitamins Are Essential for Energy Production For many people the term vitamin is corresponding with energy. But vitamins do not very contain any energy at all.We get energy from the carbo hydrate, fat, and protein in our diet, but we cant use the energy contained in these nutrients without the help of vitamins. The B vitamins thiamin, ribo? avin, niacin, pantothenic acid, and biotin are directly involved in transmuteing the energy in carbohydrate, fat, and protein into ATPthe form of energy that is used to run the body (Figure 8. 3). Each of these vitamins acts as a coenzyme in one or more of the chemical reactions necessary to grow usable energy from these nutrients (Figure 8. 4). Thiamin important for nerve functionThiamin is needed for nerve cells to have got energy and to synthesize an important neurotransmitter. A de? ciency of thiamin causes beriberi, a condition that has been known for over 1000 age in East Asian countries. In Sri Lanka, the word beriberi literally means I cannot this phrase refers to the extreme weakness that is the earliest symptom of the condition. Beriberi came to the precaution of Western medicine in colonial Asia in the 19th centur y. It became such a problem that the Dutch East India Company sent a team of scientists to ? nd its cause. What they were expecting to ? d was a germ like those that caused epidemic cholera and rabies. What they found for a long time was nothing. For over 10 years, a young physician named Christian Eijkman worked C C C C C C Although people often take B vitamins to get more energy these vitamins do not actually provide energy. They are however necessary for the body to produce energy from other nutrients. L Coenzymes Small nonprotein organic * molecules that act as carriers of electrons or atoms in metabolic reactions and are necessary for the proper functioning of many enzymes. L Beriberi The disease resulting from a * de? iency of thiamin. O C C O C C C C C OH C C Glucose Fatty acid Amino acids Niacin Biotin Niacin riboflavin Biotin Pantothenic acid Niacin Riboflavin Biotin Pantothenic acid O2 Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin Pantothenic acid C C Thiamin Riboflavin Pantothenic acid C C C Niacin Riboflavin H2O CO2 ATP FIGURE 8. 3 Thiamin, ribo? avin, niacin, biotin, and pantothenic acid are needed in the reactions that produce energy from carbohydrate, fat, and protein. If one of these is missing, energy production is disrupted. 242 Chapter 8 The Vitamins Coenzyme Incomplete enzyme alert enzyme A B A B Enzyme reaction FIGURE 8. 4 The B vitamins serve as coenzymes. This ? gure shows that the coenzyme must bind to form an active enzyme. The enzyme in this example can then join A and B to form a new molecule, shown here as AB. AB to ? nd the cause of beriberi. His success came as a twist of fate. He ran out of food for his experimental chickens and instead of the usual brown sift, he federal mangleicial them white sift. Shortly thereafter, the chickens came down with beriberi-like symptoms. When he fed them brown strain again, they got well. What did this mean?To Eijkman it provided usher that the cause of beriberi was not a poison or a microorganism, but rather something missing from the chicken feed. The incidence of beriberi in East Asia increased dramatically the 1800s payable to the rising popularity of polished rice. lithe or white rice is produced by polishing off the bran mold of brown rice creating a more uniform product. However, polishing off the bran also removes the vitamin-rich portion of the grain (Figure 8. 5). thitherfore, in populations where white rice was the fix of the diet, beriberi, became a common health problem.FIGURE 8. 5 Unenriched white rice is a poor source of thiamin. (Charles D. Winters) L Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome A form * of thiamin de? ciency associated with alcohol abuse that is characterized by mental confusion, disorientation, loss of memory, and a lurch gait. Thiamin is needed to produce energy from glucose The reason thiamin is needed for nerve cells to obtain energy is because it is a coenzyme for some of the important energy-yielding reactions in the body. unitary of these is essential for t he production of energy from glucose, the energy source for nerve cells.In addition to its role in energy production it is needed for neurotransmitter synthesis and is also essential for the metabolism of other sugars and certain amino acids, and for the synthesis of ribose, a sugar that is part of the structure of RNA (ribonucleic acid). Thiamin de? ciency affects the nervous and cardiovascular systems. Without thiamin, glucose, which is the primary fuel for the brain and nerve cells, cannot be used normally and nerve impulses cannot be transmitted normally. This leads to weakness and depression, which are the ? st symptoms of beriberi other neurological symptoms embarrass poor coordination, tingling sen sit downions, and paralysis. The reason de? ciency affects the cardiovascular system is not well understood, but symptoms include speedy eye blink and enlargement of the heart. Overt beriberi is idealistic in North America today, but a form of thiamin de? ciency called Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome does occur in alcoholics. People with this condition experience mental confusion, psychosis, memory disturbances, and eventually coma. They are peculiarly unsafe because thiamin absorption is change magnitude due to the effect of alcohol on the gastrointestinal tract.In addition, thiamin intake is low because alcohol contributes calories to the alcoholics diet but brings with it almost no nutrients. Many B Vitamins Are Essential for Energy Production RDA helianthus seeds (1/4 c) Walnuts (1/4 c) Peanuts (1/4 c) Lentils (1 c) Pork (3 oz) Beef (3 oz) Trout (3 oz) Chicken (3 oz) 2% take out (1 c) cheddar cease (1. 5 oz) orange tree juice (1 c) Kiwi (2 med) apple (1 med) give (1/2 c) Asparagus (1/2 c) Spinach, raw (1 c) Oatmeal (1 c) Spaghetti (1 c) brownish rice (1 c) dust coat mark (2 sl) Whole- stubble bread (2 sl) 0 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 Thiamin (mg) 1. 0 1. 2 243FIGURE 8. 6 Thiamin content of selections from each group of the Food extend Pyramid. The d otted line represents the RDA for grownup men. Pork is a better source of thiamin than other meats. (Randy Mayor/Foodpix/PictureArts Corp. ) The recommended intake for thiamin can be met by eating a varied diet You can meet your needs for thiamin by snacking on sun? ower seeds and having a serving of guy pork for dinner. These foods are exceptionally good sources of thiamin. Together 3 ounces of pork and a quarter cup of sun? ower seeds provide 1. 5 mg of thiamin, well to a higher place the RDA, which is 1. mg per day for adult men age 19 and older and 1. 1 mg per day for adult women 19 and older. 2 But even a diet that doesnt include these foods can meet your thiamin needs as long as you make nutritious choices such as those recommended by the Food Guide Pyramid (Figure 8. 6). Legumes, nuts, and seeds are good sources. Grains are also good sources thiamin is found in the bran of whole grains and it is added to enriched re? ned grains. A large equaliser of the thiamin consumed in the United States comes from enriched grains used in foods such as baked goods. Some breakfast cereals are forti? d with so much additional thiamin that a single bowlful contains more than the RDA. Although it is on the loose(p) to meet thiamin needs some of the thiamin in foods whitethorn be undone during cooking or storage because it is sensitive to heat, oxygen, and low-acid conditions. Thiamin availability is also affected by the presence of antithiamin factors that destroy the vitamin. thither are enzymes in raw shell? sh and hotwater ? sh that degrade thiamin during food storage and preparation and during tip overage through the gastrointestinal tract. These enzymes are destroyed by cooking so they are only a concern in foods consumed raw.Other antithiamin factors that are not inactivated by cooking are found in tea, coffee, betel nuts, blueberries, and red cab dish aeriale. Habitual custom of foods containing antithiamin factors increases the risk of thiamin de? ciency . 2 Despite the fact that intakes of thiamin above the RDA have not been shown to be bene? cial, many supplements contain up to 50 mg of thiamin and promise that they will provide more energy. Although thiamin is needed to produce energy, unless it is de? cient, increasing thiamin intake does not increase the ability to produce energy.There is no UL for thiamin since no toxicity has been reported when excess is consumed from either food or supplements. 2 Enriched grains have thiamin as well as ribo? avin, niacin, and iron added to them (see Chapter 4). * Remember 244 Chapter 8 The Vitamins Ribo? avin a bright yellow vitamin Ribo? avin is a water-soluble vitamin that provides a conspicuous indicator when you consume too much of it. Excess is excreted in your urineturning it a bright ? uorescent yellow. The color may surprise you but it is harmless. No adverse effects have been reported from high sexually transmitted diseases of ribo? vin from foods or supplements. FIGURE 8. 7 Mil k is packaged in opaque or cloudy containers to protect its ribo? avin from destruction by light. (Charles D. Winters) Milk is the best source of ribo? avin in the North American diet Ever wonder why milk comes in opaque cardboard or cloudy pliant containers? The reason is that it is one of the best sources of ribo? avin in our diet and ribo? avin is destroyed by light. If your milk was in a clear glass bottle and sat in a lighted grocery store display case for several days much of the ribo? avin would be destroyed. The most ribo? vin-friendly milk containers are opaque so the ribo? avin is fully protected from light (Figure 8. 7). Other major dietary sources of ribo? avin include other dairy products, liver, red meat, poultry, ? sh, whole grains, and enriched breads and cereals. veg sources include asparagus, broccoli, mushrooms, and leafy green vegetables such as spinach. The RDA for ribo? avin for adult men age 19 and older is 1. 3 mg per day and for adult women 19 and older, 1 . 1 mg per day. 3 Two cups of milk provide about half the amount of ribo? avin recommended for a typical adult.If you do not include milk in your diet you can meet your ribo? avin needs by including two to three servings of meat and four to ? ve servings of enriched grain products and high-ribo? avin vegetables such as spinach (Figure 8. 8). Ribo? avin is needed to produce energy from carbohydrate, fat, and protein Ribo? avin has two active coenzyme forms that function in producing energy from carbohydrate, fat, and protein. Ribo? avin is also involved directly or indirectly in converting a number of other vitamins, including folate, niacin, vitamin B6, and vitamin K, into their active forms. When ribo? vin is de? cient, injuries heal poorly because new cells cannot grow to replace the damaged ones. Tissues that grow most rapidly, such as the scrape up and the lin- RDA Sunflower seeds (1/4 c) Walnuts (1/4 c) Peanuts (1/4 c) Lentils (1 c) Pork (3 oz) Beef (3 oz) Trout (3 oz) Chicken (3 oz) 2% Milk (1 c) cheddar cheese (1. 5 oz) Orange juice (1 c) Kiwi (2 med) Apple (1 med) give (1/2 c) Asparagus (1/2 c) Spinach, raw (1 c) FIGURE 8. 8 Ribo? avin content of selections from each group of the Food Guide Pyramid. The speed line represents the RDA for adult men. Milk is an exceptionally good source of ribo? avin. Corbis Images) Oatmeal (1 c) Spaghetti (1 c) Brown rice (1 c) White bread (2 sl) Whole-wheat bread (2 sl) 0 0. 4 0. 8 Riboflavin (mg) 1. 2 Many B Vitamins Are Essential for Energy Production 245 ings of the eyes, mouth, and tongue, are the ? rst to be affected. This causes symptoms such as cracking of the lips and at the corners of the mouth increased sensitivity to light burning, tearing, and itching of the eyes and ? aking of the skin or so the nose, eyebrows, and earlobes. A de? ciency of ribo? avin rarely occurs alone it usually occurs in conjunction with de? ciencies of other B vitamins.This is because the same foods provide many of the B vitamins. Because ribo? avin is needed to convert other vitamins into their active forms, some of the symptoms seen with ribo? avin de? ciency re? ect de? ciencies of these other nutrients. Niacin de? ciency caused an epidemic of mental illness In the proterozoic 1900s psychiatrical hospitals in the southeastern United States were ? lled with patients with the niacin-de? ciency disease maidism. At the time, no one knew what caused it but the prime suspects were toxins or microorganisms. The mystery of mal de la rosa was ? nally unraveled by Dr. Joseph Goldberger, who was sent by the U.S. Public Health Service to investigate the mal rosso epidemic. He observed that individuals in institutions such as hospitals, orphanages, and prisons suffered from pellagra, but the staff did not. If pellagra were an septic disease, both populations would be equally affected. Dr. Goldberger proposed that pellagra was due to a de? ciency in the diet. To test his hypothesis, he added nutritious foods such as fresh meats, milk, and eggs to the diet of children in orphanages. The symptoms of pellagra disappeared, supporting his hypothesis that pellagra is due to a de? ciency of something in the diet.In another experiment he was able to induce pellagra in healthy prison inmates by feeding them an unhealthy diet. The missing dietary component was later identi? ed as the water-soluble B vitamin niacin. L Pellagra The disease resulting from a * de? ciency of niacin. A niacin de? ciency causes dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia The need for niacin is so widespread in metabolism that a de? ciency causes major changes throughout the body. The early symptoms of pellagra include fatigue, decreased appetite, and indigestion. These are followed by symptoms that can be remembered as the three Ds dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia.If left un selled, niacin de? ciency results in a fourth Ddeath. Niacin coenzymes function in glucose metabolism and in reactions that synthesize fatty acids and cholesterin (see Figure 8. 3). There are two forms of niacin nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. Either form can be used by the body to make the active coenzyme forms. Niacin is found in meats, legumes, and grains Meat and ? sh are good sources of niacin (Figure 8. 9). Other sources include legumes, wheat bran, and peanuts. Niacin added to enriched grains provides much of the usable niacin in the North American diet.Niacin can also be synthesized in the body from the essential amino acid tryptophan. Tryptophan, however, is only used to make niacin if enough is available to ? rst meet the needs of protein synthesis. When the diet is low in tryptophan, it is not used to synthesize niacin. The reason pellagra was prevalent in the siemens in the early 1900s is because the local diet among the poor consisted of corn meal, molasses, and fatback or salt pork all poor sources of both niacin and protein. Corn is low in tryptophan and the niacin found naturally in corn is bound to other molecules and there fore not well absorbed.Molasses contains essentially no protein or niacin and salt pork is almost pure fat, so it does not contain enough protein to both meet protein needs and synthesize niacin. Although corn-based diets such as this one are historically associated with the appearance of niacin de? ciency it has not been a problem in Mexico and interchange American countries. One reason may be because the make doment of corn with lime water, as is done during the making of tortillas, enhances the availability of niacin (Figure 8. 10). The diet in these regions also includes legumes, which provide both niacin and a source of tryptophan for the synthesis of niacin.In searching for the cause of pellagra, Dr. Goldberger and his coworkers ingested blood, nasal secretions, feces, and urine from patients with the diseasenone of them developed pellagra. This helped to disprove the hypothesis that pellagra was an infectious disease. 246 Chapter 8 The Vitamins RDA Sunflower seeds (1/4 c) W alnuts (1/4 c) Peanuts (1/4 c) Lentils (1 c) Pork (3 oz) Beef (3 oz) Trout (3 oz) Chicken (3 oz) 2% Milk (1 c) Cheddar cheese (1. 5 oz) Orange juice (1 c) Kiwi (2 med) Apple (1 med) Corn (1/2 c) Asparagus (1/2 c) Spinach, raw (1 c) FIGURE 8. 9 Niacin content of selections from each group of the Food Guide Pyramid.The dashed line represents the RDA for adult men. Meat, legumes, and grains are good sources of the vitamin. (PhotoDisc, Inc. /Getty Images) Oatmeal (1 c) Spaghetti (1 c) Brown rice (1 c) White bread (2 sl) Whole-wheat bread (2 sl) 0 2 4 6 8 10 Niacin (mg) 12 14 16 L Niacin equivalents (NEs) The * measure used to express the amount of niacin present in food, including that which can be made from its precursor, tryptophan. One NE is equal to 1 mg of niacin or 60 mg of tryptophan. Today, as a result of the enrichment of grains, including corn meal, with niacin, thiamin, ribo? vin, and iron, pellagra is rare in the United States but it remains common in India and parts of Chin a and Africa. Efforts to eradicate this de? ciency include the learning of new varieties of corn that provide more available niacin and more tryptophan than traditional varieties. Because some of the requirement for niacin can be met by the synthesis of niacin from tryptophan, the RDA is expressed as niacin equivalents (NEs). One NE is equal to 1 mg of niacin or 60 mg of tryptophan, the amount needed to make 1 mg of niacin. 3 To work out the niacin contributed by high-protein foods, protein is considered to be about 1% tryptophan.The RDA for adult men and women of all ages is 16 and 14 mg NE per day, respectively. A fair chicken breast and a cup of steamed asparagus provide this amount. FIGURE 8. 10 Tortillas, eaten in Mexico and other Latin American countries, provide niacin because the corn is treated with lime water, making the niacin available for absorption. (Jeff Greenberg/Photo Researchers) Many B Vitamins Are Essential for Energy Production 247 High-dose niacin supplement s can be toxic There is no evidence of any adverse effects from consumption of niacin naturally occurring in foods, but supplements can be toxic.The adverse effects of high intakes of niacin include ? ushing of the skin, a tingling sensation in the hands and feet, a red skin rash, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, high blood sugar levels, abnormalities in liver function, and blurred vision. The UL for adults is 35 mg, but high-dose supplements of one form of niacin (50 mg or greater) are used under medical supervision to treat elevated blood cholesterol (see Chapter 5). Another form is under probe for its bene? ts in the prevention and treatment of diabetes. When vitamins are taken in large doses to treat diseases that are not due to vitamin de? iencies, they are really existence used as drugs rather than vitamins. Biotin eggs contain it but can block its use You probably know that you shouldnt eat raw eggs because they can contain harmful bacteria, but did you know that eating raw eggs could cause a biotin de? ciency? young egg whites contain a protein called avidin that tightly binds biotin and prevents its absorption. Biotin was detect when rats fed protein derived from raw egg whites developed a syndrome of hairs-breadth loss, dermatitis, and neuromuscular dysfunction. Thoroughly cooking eggs kills bacteria and denatures avidin so that it cannot bind biotin (Figure 8. 1). FIGURE 8. 11 Raw eggs are often used to make high-protein health drinks. This is not recommended because raw eggs may contain bacteria that can make you sick, and egg whites contain a protein that makes biotin unavailable. (Charles D. Winters) Biotin is important in energy production and glucose synthesis Biotin is a coenzyme for a group of enzymes that add an acid group to molecules. It functions in energy production and in glucose synthesis. It is also important in the metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids (see Figure 8. 3). Although biotin de? iency is uncommon, it has been observed in those oftentimes consuming raw egg whites as well as people with malabsorption or protein-energy malnutrition, those receiving intravenous feedings lacking biotin, and those taking certain anticonvulsant drugs for long periods. 3 Biotin de? ciency in humans causes nausea, thinning hair, loss of hair color, a red skin rash, depression, lethargy, hallucinations, and tingling of the extremities. Biotin is consumed in the diet and made by bacteria in the gut Good sources of biotin in the diet include cooked eggs, liver, yogurt, and nuts. Fruit and meat are poor sources.Biotin is also synthesized by bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. Some of this is absorbed into the body and contributes to our biotin needs. An AI of 30 mg per day has been established for adults based on the amount of biotin found in a typical North American diet. High doses of biotin have not resulted in toxicity symptoms there is no UL for biotin. Pantothenic acid wide distributed in food and widely used in t he body Pantothenic acid, which gets its name from the Greek word pantos (meaning from everywhere), is widely distributed in foods. It is particularly rich in meat, eggs, whole grains, and legumes.It is found in lesser amounts in milk, vegetables, and fruits. In addition to being from everywhere in the diet, pantothenic acid seems to be needed everywhere in the body. It is part of a key coenzyme needed for the breakdown of carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids as well as the modi? cation of proteins and the synthesis of neurotransmitters, steroid hormones, and hemoglobin. Pantothenic acid is also part of a coenzyme essential for the synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids (see Figure 8. 3). The wide distribution of pantothenic acid in foods makes de? ciency rare in humans. It may occur as part of a threefold B vitamin de? iency resulting from malnutrition or chronic alcoholism. The AI is 5 mg per day for adults. Pantothenic acid is relatively nontoxic and there are not suf ? cient data to establish a UL. 3 248 Chapter 8 The Vitamins Vitamin B6 Is Important in Protein Metabolism Vitamin B6 is one of only two B vitamins that we still know by its number. The chemical name for vitamin B6 is pyridoxine but we rarely hear it called this. The important role of vitamin B6 in amino acid metabolism distinguishes it from the other B vitamins. Vitamin B6 is needed to synthesize and break down amino acids Vitamin B6 has three formspyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine.These can be converted into the active coenzyme form, pyridoxal phosphate, which is needed for the activity of more than 100 enzymes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrate, fat, and protein. It is particularly important in amino acid synthesis and breakdown without vitamin B6 the non-essential amino acids cannot be made in the body (Figure 8. 12). Pyridoxal phosphate is needed to synthesize hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells, and is important for the immune system becau se it is needed to form white blood cells.It is also needed for the conversion of tryptophan to niacin, the release of glucose from the carbohydrate storage molecule glycogen, the synthesis of certain neurotransmitters, and the synthesis of the lipids that are part of the bulb coating on nerves, which is essential for normal infection of nerve signals. Vitamin B6 de? ciency causes numbness and tingling Vitamin B6 de? ciency causes neurological symptoms including numbness and tingling in the hands and feet as well as depression, headaches, confusion, and seizures. These symptoms may be relate to the role of vitamin B6 in neurotransmitter synthesis and myelin formation.Anemia also occurs in vitamin B6 de? ciency, because without B6 hemoglobin cannot be synthesized normally. Other de? ciency symptoms such as poor growth, skin lesions, and decreased antibody formation may occur because of the central role vitamin B6 plays in protein and energy metabolism. Since vitamin B6 is needed f or amino acid metabolism, the onset of a de? ciency can be hastened by a diet that is low in vitamin B6 but high in protein. H H2N C C O OH Amino acids NH2 C O OH B6 Energy production and glucose synthesis B6 B6 FIGURE 8. 12 Vitamin B6 is essential for many different types of reactions involving amino acids.It is needed to remove the acid group so neurotransmitters can be synthesized, to remove the amino group so what remains can be used to produce energy or synthesize glucose, and to transfer an amino group to make a new amino acid. Neurotransmitter synthesis NH2 Synthesis of nonessential amino acids Vitamin B6 Is Important in Protein Metabolism Folic acid from food and supplements 249 DNA synthesis vigorous folate Vitamin B12 Inactive folate Methionine High levels in the FIGURE 8. 13 blood increase cardiovascular The accumulation of homocysteine in the blood is associated with an disease riskHomocysteine Vitamin B6 increased risk of heart disease. Vitamins B6, B12, and folate, ar e needed to persist homocysteine levels in the normal range. Vitamin B6 is needed to break down homocysteine. Vitamin B12 and folate are needed to convert homocysteine to methionine. Vitamin B6 status is related to heart disease risk Vitamin B6 is needed to break down the amino acid homocysteine. If B6 levels are low, homocysteine cant be broken down and levels rise. Even a dotty elevation in blood homocysteine levels has been shown to be a risk factor for heart disease (Figure 8. 13). Two other B vitamins, folate and vitamin B12 are also involved in homocysteine metabolism. These are needed to convert homocysteine to the amino acid methionine. If they are unavailable, homocysteine levels will increase. A study that examined the effect of folate and vitamin B6 intake in women found that those with the highest levels in their diets had about half the risk of coronary heart disease as women with the lowest levels. 5 Both animal and plant foods are good sources of vitamin B6 Animal s ources of vitamin B6 include chicken, ? sh, pork, and organ meats.Good plant sources include whole wheat products, brown rice, soybeans, sun? ower seeds, and some fruits and vegetables such as bananas, broccoli, and spinach (Figure 8. 14). Re? ned grains, like white rice and white bread, are not good sources of vitamin B6, because the vitamin is lost in re? ning whole grains but is not added back in enrichment. It is added to many forti? ed breakfast cereals these make an important contribution to vitamin B6 intake. 6 It is destroyed by heat and light, so it can easily be lost in processing. The RDA for vitamin B6 is 1. 3 mg per day for both adult men and women 19 to 50 years of age. A 3-ounce (85-g) serving of chicken, ? sh, or pork, or half a baked potato, provides about one-fourth of the RDA for an average adult a banana provides about one-third. Too much vitamin B6 is toxic For years people assumed that because water-soluble vitamins were excreted in the urine they could not cau se toxic reactions. However, reports in the 1980s of severe nerve impairment in individuals taking 2 to 6 g of pyridoxine per day showed these assumptions to be false. 7 The reactions of some supplement users were so severe that they were otiose to walk symptoms improved when the pyridoxine supplements were stopped.The UL for adults is set at 100 mg per day from food and supplements. 3 Despite the potential for toxicity, high-dose supplements of vitamin B6 containing 100 mg per dose (5000% of the Daily Value) are available over the counter, making it easy to obtain a dose that exceeds the UL. These supplements are taken to reduce the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), treat carpal tunnel syndrome, and strengthen immune function. Although studies have not found a relationship between carpal tunnel syndrome and vitamin B6 status, some studies report that low-dose supplements of vitamin B6 may reduce symptoms of PMS and improve immune function. Individuals with an inherited dise ase called homocysteinuria have extremely high levels of homocysteine in their blood and may have heart attacks and strokes by the age of 2. 250 Chapter 8 The Vitamins RDA Sunflower seeds (1/4 c) Walnuts (1/4 c) Peanuts (1/4 c) Lentils (1 c) Pork (3 oz) Beef (3 oz) Trout (3 oz) Chicken (3 oz) 2% Milk (1 c) Cheddar cheese (1. 5 oz) Orange juice (1 c) Kiwi (2 med) Apple (1 med) Corn (1/2 c) Asparagus (1/2 c) Spinach, raw (1 c) Oatmeal (1 c) Spaghetti (1 c) Brown rice (1 c) White bread (2 sl) Whole-wheat bread (2 sl) 0 0. 0. 8 Vitamin B6 (mg) 1. 2 FIGURE 8. 14 Vitamin B6 content of selections from each group of the Food Guide Pyramid. The dashed line represents the RDA for men and women up to 50 years of age. The best sources are meats, legumes, and whole grains. (David Bishop/Foodpix/PictureArts Corp. ) PMS causes mood swings, food cravings, bloating, tension, depression, headaches, acne, breast tenderness, anxiety, moderate outbursts, and over 100 other symptoms. Because vitamin B6 is needed for the synthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine, insuf? ient vitamin B6 has been suggested to cause the anxiety, irritability, and depression associated with PMS by reducing levels of these neurotransmitters. Trials on the effect of vitamin B6 supplements on PMS have had con? icting results in some cases low-dose supplements appear to be effective in reducing symptoms. 9 Vitamin B6 supplements have been found to improve immune function in older adults, but the reason for the amelioration is unclear. 10 Immune function can be impaired by a de? ciency of any nutrient that hinders cell growth and division. wherefore, one of the most common claims for vitamin supplements in general is that they improve immune function. Vitamin B6 is no exception. Since the elderly frequently have low intakes of vitamin B6, it is unclear whether the bene? cial effects of supplements are due to an improvement in vitamin B6 status or immune system stimulation. Folate and Vitami n B12 Are Needed for Cell Division Inside the nucleus of every cell is the DNA that holds the genetic code. Before a cell can divide it must make a copy of its DNA. The B vitamin folate is needed for the synthesis of DNA and vitamin B12 is needed to keep folate active. hence if either B12 or folate is missing, DNA cannot be copied and new cells cannot be made correctly. As a result of this interdependency, many of the same symptoms are seen when either vitamin B12 or folate are de? cient. Folate important for rapidly dividing cells A number of different forms of folate are needed for the synthesis of DNA and the metabolism of some amino acids. Because folate is needed for cells to replicate, it is particularly important in tissues where cells are dividing rapidly such the bone marrow, where red blood cells are made, and the developing tissues of an unborn baby.Folate and Vitamin B12 Are Needed for Cell Division 251 folate adequate folate deficient Normal cell division Red blood cell s Red blood cell precursor FIGURE 8. 15 Cells are unable to divide (megaloblast) megalocyte Megaloblastic or macrocytic anemia occurs when developing blood cells are unable to divide, leaving large im full-blown red blood cells (megaloblasts) and large mature red blood cells (macrocytes). Folate de? ciency results in anemia One of the most notable symptoms of folate de? ciency is anemia. Without folate, developing red blood cells cannot divide. Instead, they just grow bigger (Figure 8. 15).Fewer mature red cells are produced so the oxygen-carrying mental ability of the blood is reduced. This condition is called megaloblastic or macrocytic anemia. Other symptoms of folate de? ciency include poor growth, problems in nerve development and function, diarrhea, and in? ammation of the tongue. Groups most at risk of a folate de? ciency include pregnant women and premature infants because of their rapid rate of cell division and growth the elderly because of their limited intake of foods hi gh in folate alcoholics because alcohol inhibits folate absorption and tobacco smokers because smoke inactivates folate in the cells lining the lungs. Folate intake is related to unquiet thermionic valve defects A low folate intake increases the risk of birth defects that affect the brain and spinal stack called neural tube defects (Figure 8. 16). The exact role of folate in neural tube development is not known, but it is necessary for a critical step called neural tube closure. Neural tube closure occurs very early in motherhoodonly 28 days after conceptionwhen most women may not yet even know they are pregnant. Therefore to reduce the risk of these defects, folate status must be adequate before a pregnancy begins and during the early critical days of pregnancy (see Chapter 12).However, folate is not the only factor contributing to neural tube defects. Not every pregnant woman with low folate levels gives birth to a child with a neural tube defect. Instead, these birth defects are probably due to a combination of factors that are aggravated by low folate levels. Folate status may affect heart disease and cancer risk pocket-sized folate intake may increase the risk of heart disease because of its relation to homocysteine levels (see Figure 8. 13). Low folate status may also increase the risk of developing cancerL Megaloblastic or macrocytic anemia * A condition in which there are abnormally large immature and mature red blood cells and a reduction in the total number of red blood cells and the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. L Neural tube defects Irregularities in * the formation of the portion of the embryo that develops into the brain and spinal cord. These occur early in development and result in brain and spinal cord abnormalities. Vertebrae Spinal cord Vertebrae Spinal cord FIGURE 8. 16 beforehand(predicate) in pregnancy, the neural tube develops into the brain and spinal cord.If folate is lacking(predicate) during neural tube closure, neura l tube defects such as spina bi? da, shown here, occur more frequently. In spina bi? da the bones that make up the back do not completely surround the spinal cord, allowing membranes, ? uid, and, in severe cases, the nerves of the spinal cord to bulge out where they are unprotected. Normal spine Spine with spina bifida 252 Chapter 8 The Vitamins For more training on folic acid and birth defects, go to the Spina Bifida Association of America at www. sbaa. org of the uterus, cervix, lungs, stomach, esophagus, and colon. Although folate de? iency does not cause cancer, it has been hypothesized that low folate intake enhances an key predisposition to cancer. The relation between folate and cancer is strongest for colon cancer. Alcohol consumption greatly increases the cancer risk associated with a low folate diet. 11 L Dietary folate equivalent (DFE) A social unit * used to express the amount of folate available to the body that accounts for the higher bioavailability of folic acid i n supplements and enriched foods compared to folate found naturally in foods. One DFE is equivalent to 1 g of folate naturally occurring in food, 0. 6 g of synthetic folic acid from forti? d food or supplements consumed with food, or 0. 5 g of synthetic folic acid consumed on an empty stomach. Vegetables, legumes, oranges, and grains are good sources of folate Asparagus, oranges, legumes, liver, and yeast are excellent food sources of folate. white sources include grains, corn, snap beans, mustard greens, and broccoli, as well as some nuts. Small amounts are found in meats, cheese, milk, fruits, and other vegetables (Figure 8. 17). Folic acid is added to enriched grain products, including enriched breads, ? ours, corn meal, pasta, grits, and rice. If you look at the label on a bag of enriched ? ur you will see that it is forti? ed with folic acid. Folic acid is a stable form of folate that rarely occurs naturally in food but is used in supplements and forti? ed foods it is more eas ily absorbed than natural folate. In the 3-year period after the forti? cation of grain products with folic acid, the incidence of neural tube defects decreased by 25%. 12 Women of accouchement age need bare(a) folate The RDA for folate is set at 400 g dietary folate equivalents (DFEs) per day for adult men and women. Expressing needs in DFEs allows one unit to be used for all the forms of folate one DFE is equal to 1 g of food folate, 0. g of synthetic folic acid from forti? ed food or supplements consumed with food, or 0. 5 g of synthetic folic acid consumed on an empty stomach. Because supplementing folic acid early in pregnancy has been shown to reduce neural tube defects, a special recommendation is made for women un dogged of becoming pregnant 400 g of synthetic folic acid from forti? ed foods and/or supplements is recommended in addition to the food folate consumed in RDA Sunflower seeds (1/4 c) Walnuts (1/4 c) Peanuts (1/4 c) Lentils (1 c) Pork (3 oz) Beef (3 oz) Trout (3 oz) Chicken (3 oz) 2% Milk (1 c) Cheddar cheese (1. oz) Orange juice (1 c) Kiwi (2 med) Apple (1 med) Corn (1/2 c) Asparagus (1/2 c) Spinach, raw (1 c) Oatmeal (1 c) Spaghetti (1 c) Brown rice (1 c) White bread (2 sl) Whole-wheat bread (2 sl) 0 100 200 Folate (g DFE) 300 400 FIGURE 8. 17 Folate content of selections from each group of the Food Guide Pyramid. The dashed line represents the RDA for adults. Legumes, forti? ed foods, and some fruits and vegetables are good sources. (George Semple) Folate and Vitamin B12 Are Needed for Cell Division 253 PIECE IT TOGETHER Is It Hard to cope with Folate Recommendations?Marcia would like to have a baby but before she tries to conceive, she wants to be sure she is in the best condition possible. She consults her physician who gives her a clean bill of health but suggests she make sure she is acquire enough folate. women who are capable of becoming pregnant should consume 400 g of folic acid from forti? ed foods or supplements each day in addition to the folate found in a varied diet. Folic acid is added to enriched grains, so it can be found in any food that contains enriched grains you can check the ingredient list to see if the food you have chosen contains added folic acid.The percent Daily Value includes both the natural folate and added folic acid. W HY IS folate A CONCERN FOR WOMEN CAPABLE OF BECOMING significant ? M Research shows that consuming spare folic acid can reduce the risk of a type of birth defect called a neural tube defect that affects an unborn childs brain or spinal cord. For the extra folic acid to be bene? cial, it must be consumed for at least a month before conception and continued for a month after. Since many pregnancies are not planned, it is recommended that all women of childbearing age consume 400 g of folic acid from forti? d foods or supplements. Marcia records her food intake for 1 day to determine her folate intake Food Breakfast Oatmeal, regular Milk Banana Orange juice chocol ate Lunch Hamburger Hamburger bun French fries degree Celsius Apple Dinner Chicken Refried beans White rice Tortilla Salad Salad dressing Milk Cake Total Servings 1 cup 1 cup 1 medium 8 ounces 1 cup 1 1 20 pieces 12 ounces 1 medium 3 ounces 1/2 cup 1 cup 1 1 cup 1 Tbsp 1 cup 1 piece Total Folate ( g) 2 12 22 75 0 11 32 24 0 4 4 106 80 60 64 1 12 32 541 g FOLATE INTAKE MEET THE W HICH FOODS IN M ARCIA S DIET ARE HIGHEST IN FOLATE ?O F THESE , WHICH DO YOU THINK HAVE BEEN FORTIFIED WITH FOLIC ACID ? M Food Rice Orange juice Your answers Amount 80 g 75 g Natural Forti? ed W HY IS THE OATMEAL belittled IN FOLATE BUT THE OTHER GRAIN PRODUCTS ARE levelheaded FOLATE SOURCES ? M Oatmeal is a whole grain, so it has not been forti? ed with folic acid. The other grain products in her diet, such as the white rice, tortilla, and hamburger bun, are re? ned so they contain added folic acid. Even though Marcia is trying to increase her intake of the folic acid form of this vitamin she should not pass up whole grainsthey are good sources of most B vitamins, minerals, and ? er. L IST SOME MODIFICATIONS M ARCIA COULD MAKE IN HER DIET TO PROVIDE THE RECOMMENDED AMOUNTS AND FORMS OF FOLATE ? M Your answer W OULD YOU RECOMMEND M ARCIA TAKE A FOLATE SUPPLEMENT ? D OES M ARCIA S RDA? Your answer M Yes. Marica consumes 541 g of folate, which is greater than the RDA of 400 g DFE, but her doctor told her that M 254 Chapter 8 The Vitamins Not everyone needs a folate supplement. If you are anthropoid or a female who is too young or too old to have a baby, the amount of folate you get from a healthy diet will meet your needs.Even women of childbearing age can get enough folic acid without a supplement if they eat enough folic acid forti? ed foods. a varied diet. The folic acid form is recommended because it is the form that has been shown to reduce birth defects. This recommendation is made for all women of childbearing age because folate is needed very early in a pregnancybefore most women are aware that they are pregnant. To get 400 g of folic acid, you would need to eat 4 to 6 servings of forti? ed grain products each day or take a supplement containing folic acid.Excess folate can mask anemia caused by vitamin B12 de? ciency Although extra folate is recommended for pregnant women, too much is a concern for some groups. There is no known folate toxicity, but a high intake may mask the early symptoms of vitamin B12 de? ciency, allowing it to go untreated so irreversible nerve damage can occur. The UL for adults is set at 1000 g per day of folate from supplements and/or forti? ed foods. This value was determined based on the progression of neurological symptoms seen in patients who are de? cient in vitamin B12 and taking folate supplements.L Pernicious anemia An anemia * resulting from vitamin B de? ciency that 12 Vitamin B12 absorption requires intrinsic factor If you lived in the early 1900s and developed a condition called mortal anemia, it was a death sente nce. There was no cure. In the 1920s researchers George Minot and William potato pursued their belief that pernicious anemia could be cured by something in the diet. Their experiments were able to restore good health to patients by feeding them about 4 to 8 ounces of slightly cooked liver at every meal. Today we know that liver contains high levels of vitamin B12.We also know that pernicious anemia is not actually caused by a lack of the vitamin in the diet, but rather an softness to absorb the vitamin. Vitamin B12 absorption requires a protein called intrinsic factor that is produced by cells in the stomach lining. With the help of stomach acid, intrinsic factor binds to vitamin B12 and this vitamin B12-intrinsic factor composite plant is then absorbed in the small intestine. When very large amounts of the vitamin are consumed, some can be absorbed without intrinsic factor. This is why Minot and Murphy were able to cure pernicious anemia with extremely high dietary doses of the v itamin.Today, pernicious anemia is treated with injections of vitamin B12 rather than plates full of liver. occurs due to a lack of a protein called intrinsic factor needed to absorb dietary vitamin B12. L Intrinsic factor A protein produced * in the stomach that is needed for the absorption of adequate amounts of vitamin B12. L Cobalamin The chemical term for * vitamin B . 12 Vitamin B12 is needed for nerve function Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is necessary for the maintenance of myelin, which is the coating that insulates nerves and is essential for nerve transmission.Vitamin B12 is also needed for the production of energy from certain fatty acids and to convert homocysteine to methionine (see Figure 8. 13). This reaction also converts folate from an inactive form to a form that functions in DNA synthesis. Because of the need for vitamin B12 in folate metabolism, a de? ciency can cause a secondary folate de? ciency and, consequently, macrocytic anemia. Symptoms of vitamin B12 de? ciency include an increase in blood homocysteine levels and anemia that is indistinguishable from that seen in folate de? ciency. Other symptoms include numbness and tingling, bnormalities in gait, memory loss, and disorientation due to degeneration of the myelin that coats the nerves, spinal cord, and brain. If not treated, this eventually causes paralysis and death. Consuming extra folate can mask a vitamin B12 de? ciency When the diet is de? cient in vitamin B12, consuming extra folate can mask the vitamin B12 de? ciency by preventing the appearance of anemia. If the de? ciency is not treated, the other symptoms of B12 de? ciency, such as nerve damage, progress and can be irreversible. This union between folate and vitamin B12 has raised concerns that our folate-forti? d food supply may allow B12 de? ciencies to go unnoticed. So far, this