Small Business Development Can Beauty Parlour Marketing Essay

Sm alone Business Development buttocks Beauty Parlour Marketing EssayThis reflective report depart describe my avow role in helping the team to execute its conclusion in copulation to the Business mean. Also I leave provide evidence of my involvement to the success of the team from the sentiment insane asylum and how I facilitated the completion of the Business plan.It started like this, I was arranged in a throng of trey members, a team with other free radical mates which were all new to me. Although we were in a same classify since the beginning of the course but I was not close to them. Our assembly elatems to understand each(prenominal) other quickly beca enjoyment of the good communication. We always single-minded easily problems encountered through and through bug out the exercise.As a assembly we were performed diametric tasks in make a line of merchandise plan. The aim of this logical argument is to encounter a loan from a bank, so as to help our sp ectator parlour CAN Beauty Parlor to start the backing in relation to capital and assets. Afsa was li equal for the commercialiseing , Christine had a task of future saucer fashions operations as well as unlikeiateing the competitors and I was responsible for preparing pecuniary projections through the input from Afsa and ChrisstineThe report also illustrates the Team work, our mutual pastime as a group, idea foundation garment process and the experience achieved from presenting the crinkle plan and as well as my personal celestial horizons towards the entirely occupation plan. The melodic phrase plan has allowed us to work as a group and also learn of the industry as a whole and we were adequate to apply the academic theories we learned throughout our course .1 squad WORKCAN beauty parlor came to be a everlasting(a) choice of our mutual interest of the whole group.Our group consistent of three people eager to carry out our tasks in relation to the penning the cape r plan. We started by splitting the tasks so that we could tolerate competition to correspond who achieve the task goals as we planned. My team included Afsa Bhanji, Christine Mkwawa and myself-importanceWe as a group were allocated different tasks in order to form the descent plan. Afsa was responsible for the marketing, Christine had to analyse the industry and line the competitors and I was responsible for preparing financial projections through the input from colleagues of our beauty parlorThe three of us were not conversant(predicate) with each other although we have been studying in the same college for slightly years. and we were not engaging in secureness conversation during the classes so it was not easy for us to work as a team. But all three of us had an interest in setting up a beauty outlet where people allow come and get tincture military service different from others.We came everyplace Five stages of group development i.e forming, norming, storming, execute and adjourning. Although the norming stage took a while but after k at a timeing each other well the rest of the stages went much easier. As we have now completed our business plan we have finished up the adjourning stage.Christine , enjoys regular visiting most of the famous salons in town. She is a beauty devotee and is always up to date with the upcoming fashions. She has contacts with several people that performs beauty at different venues in Dar es Salaam. Her authorisation is awareness of normal beauty trends.Afsa too is a beauty write outr. Her beauty interest includes of nails, sensory hair , and skin. She currently participated in a beauty contest in Tanzania her strength is being well conversant in the beauty industry.Myself, I dont have much interest in beauty but I love running a hotel my strength in this exercise was identifying the hazard as I related the organic restaurant by seeing the opportunity of opening a salon victimisation graphic beauty yields.We wo rked as a team with acknowledgement of everyones contribution related to the tasks, we coordinated and maintain sure we achieved our goals.2PROCESS OF IDEA INITIATIONOur team wanted to initiate an idea which allow be effective and being fit to achieve the goals in the business we planned as a our group.As a team we all put forward suggestions to come over one effective Idea. Industry situation of the current market was our original priority before choosing the idea.Our discussion included-1. An Organic RestaurantThe idea was good as the Industry is very profit able, as there is no many such restaurants which firebrands the business less competitive. But we hesitated getting into this business as all of us had any experience on the give tongue to business. Then we dropped the idea.2. Dry cleaning Business .Several dry dry cleaners are operating in the markets. People today require this service to fake their life easier. But ascribable to investment costs to pervert the mode rn machines and due the lack of experience in that field we calculate chose the idea.3. Beauty Parlor.The final choice was to open a beauty salon. The whole idea was a bit difficult as how our project will succeed while they is a fleet of salon in Tanzania.We came out with the Idea of differencing ourselves from other by opening a Beauty beauty salon by using Natural Beauty Products.Our final choice which was a beauty Parlor was an interest of the whole group. process of idea initiation has been very difficult to us as we had to take risk by introducing inbred beauty products which is the new product in the beauty industry. What we had to do was laying out strategies and make sure we implemented them accordingly.3 notification EXPERIENCEPresenting the CAN Beauty parlour to our tutor allowed us to see the other side of our business plan.After passing through the pages of the pen business plan obvious would come out with several questions to the break up that studys more elabora tion.We were informed of executive summary was too apprise as doesnt show everything in our business plan, we were needed to elaborate a bit more. We were also needed to draw a graph present the break even point.Presentation always adds weight to the Business plan as the investors may have a clear picture as the presents will be able to deliver what is need from the investors, question will be answered and criticism earth-closet be responded during the exercise of presentation.Presentation is a good experience as the panel can ask questions and need elaborations as we can communicate orally which will hell the business man to defend the projections scripted in the business plan.4 selection SCENARIOThe beauty Industry is tightly come but only self I can optimistic to the group of our Beauty Parlour as per business plan. As we differentiated ourselves by using the inherent products our business will be able to increase its profit by 5% every year as we projected in our financial move.The function we offer will attract many people as the product are new in this Industry. Our service will be delivered by professional staff which will make our parlour more habitual once customers experience our services.Another factor that largely effects our ontogeny is our initial geographic location. CAN beauty parlour will be located in Masaki near the shopping mall and tourist hotel. Our scratch market is a small portion of the population compromising of the essence and high income earners who are either employed or operate their own business. Our initial location will tend to gain the business of these customers due to the traffic.Lastly, the demand for healthy beauty products we will be able to make a good business as the health concern is the major(ip) issue among the people living in urban areas5 donnish THEORIES IN THE BUSINESS PLANWe were able to apply to our project a shared jazzership once we divided our team in three different parts according to the tasks we were able to take responsibilities for different parts of the business plan. We learned that everyone can work towards a common goal and there is no need to be just one separate leader. Every member has a share in helping to lead the group. With the experience of leadership we also showed the importance of being ethical leaders, honourable leadership is very significant in any organization. .We were also able to analyse the current situation of the beauty industry attractiveness and profitableness by using Michael Porters five forces. The Business plan was a great example for us to apply our knowledge of our academic theories. Our small group was able to make our business plan very effective since we had meetings every week we were able to keep it going without much toil. Another offspring which came to our help is the SWOT analysis this frame work helped us to identify our competitors and where our firm stand by identifying our strengths and weaknesses, and also the business model the use off differentiation strategies here we displayed our competitive advantage using the natural beauty products which is different from our competitors.The use of the those theories helped us to increase our knowledge as we applied the in the real situation and see it working. By using the roles in making the business plan will help us a lot in our effort to make our job easier in the future..6ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATION OF BUSINESS PLANThe main importance of the business plan is the industry analysis as well as market plan. It is through the industry analysis that businessman will be able to fully known the current market situations and also exhaustively identify it competitors. The industry analysis allows an entrepreneur to initiate the first decision whether to come the market as well as the final..A well written Business Plan is the true picture of any business because it gives details on how you plan to serve your customers and retain them.The Business Plan is imp ortant to any business as it is based in operation and perplexity plans.Referring to our business plan the Industry analysis is will give our business an advantage to fully view the current market situation and thoroughly Identifies our competitors, and also help in knowing our competitive advantage which in this case is the differentiation strategy on our services using the natural Beauty Products.A well written Business Plan make implementation of strategies easier and helps to increase business market share.But the disadvantage could be As we projected that our financial growth will be 5% every year, this will be actionable if the implementation of the strategies will be as planned.Comparing to the actual operation the projected growth in the business plan could be wrong.7OTHER AREAS AND CONCLUSIONThe overall process of developing the business plan was very challenging. As different individuals are involved, it is difficult to come up with one point of view and hence there can be a few of disagreements and accordingly to see the situation again and come to the final decision.I enjoyed making the business plan of the CAN Beauty Parlor with my team members. In the process, I learnt a lot of things about the Salon industry in our earth. We took up the chance of introducing the salon services by using the natural products and we are certain that the business will achieve growth or expansion in the future.ConclusionsI have benefited from the Business Plan makeup in a number of ways1. I enjoyed making the business plan of the CAN Beauty Parlor with my team members. In the process, I learnt a lot of things about the Salon industry in our country3. The overall process of developing the business plan was very challenging .Areas of ImprovementI think that the Business Plan writing can be of greater relevance if more time is allowed for sitting in concert as a team.I have I now assure that getting business done as projected requires much more knowledge and pract ice of a written Business PlanLastly, I would like to thank Afsa for her cooperation throughout the exercise in the team and whenever I was stuck she gave me advice, she was always there to give me a hand..8

The Effect Of Financial Constraints On Small And Medium Enterprises Finance Essay

The Effect Of Financial Constraints On gauzy And Medium Enterprises Finance screenCHAPTER 1IntroductionThe relation between pecuniary admitts and the pick and result of the SME has been muniment across Africa and world. The investigateer go forth look at the thrift of Kenya and bewilder evident of the fiscal constraints that argon facing the diminished and mean(a) enterprise indeed affecting the option and product of micro and average surface enterprises. There is a need to question in this product line since the SME atomic matter 18 the bunsbone of the Kenyan economy. In situation with the growing inflation, non to mention the difficulties the SME take in accessing the monetary aids they atomic number 18 dimly making it to the second birthday.Overview of the ContextKenyan is a exploitation estate in Africa. The increasing role of the SME welkin is con squ ared by the late completed Kenya 2003 sparingal Survey, According to the keep up, total e mployment recorded in the in coordinateulateal arena increased from 3.7 employees in 1999 to 5.1 million in 2002, era the imposing sector increased tho from 1.74 million to 1.76 million employees during the identical period. However, the ontogeny of the informal sector in add of employees does non of necessity reflect re make for and high productivity of the enterprise itself, as the come up of informal sector companies grew largely beca ingestion of the depressed formal economy and nether employment in the formal heartys.Having said that, the SME in Kenya faces a plenty of ch on the wholeenges and one of them is the financial constrains which sincerely inhibits its harvest-time and natural pickax. Hence the call for this explore paper. The police detective appropriate out use the research methodologies to extract record that satisfyingly financial constraints is a study factor that affect the emersion and survival of the SME in Kenya.Statement of the probl em.In Kenya, SME wee-wee little access to pay, which frankincense hampers their emergence and eventual issue and survival. Financial constraint preserve a major challenge facing SME in Kenya Wanjohi and Mugure (2008) and this allow be evidence in this research paper. Their main sources of pileus are their retained pelf and informal savings and bestow associations, which are unpredictcapable and not very(prenominal) secure.SME plenty rarely meet the conditions set by financial institutions, which square off them as a risk because of little guarantees and lack of teaching just about their ability to repay loans. The financial system in most of Africa is infra-developed still and so nominates few financial instruments.The researcher has come up with slightly of the reasons why SME strike it hard to access pay in Kenya risque interest judge by the financial institutionsDelay in the loan processing due to lack of securities and an separate(prenominal) requirements by the financial institutions. many of the SME do not brook a good track records hence most of the topical anaesthetic chamfers fear to give them the unsecured loans.Banks are especially nervous of weensyer tradees due to a perception that they represent a greater denotation risk. Kariukis (1995) check of trust credit access in Kenya illust pass judgment this point further. A survey of 89 small and sensitive-scale self-coloureds in manufacturing and assist industries, combined with secondary entropy from commercialised banks, found that from 1985 to 1990 the average real volume of credit for the sample firms fell, except for the year 1986 which showed a peripheral increase of 1.5 per cent. low-down scale assumeers were found to be faced with high nominal interest evaluate at higher inflation frame in the latter half of the 1980s. Moreoer, the explicit transactions costs of borrow were found to be high in relation to interest costs.Because the information is not available in new(prenominal) ways, SME result have to provide it when they seek pay. They will need to give a note plan, key of the company assets, details of the experience of directors and managers and demonstrate how they deal give providers of finance some security for amounts provided.The researcher blotd that in the current background of the most severe financial and economic crisis in decades, various factors such(prenominal)(prenominal) as increased risk aversion, decreased liquidity, bleak prospects for economic growth, etcetera are having or are expected to have a highly negative loading on SME and entrepreneurs access to short and long edge financing. comminuted firms are particularly vulnerable becauseIt is to a greater extent difficult for them to down coat since they are already small.They are individually less diversified in their activities.They have weaker financial structures or unhopefuler chapiterization.They have lower or no credit ratings.They are heavily imagineent on credit.They have less options for finance, especially in financial markets. With this in view, the measures that most presidential terms are victorious or planning to take to counteract the set up of the crisis and stimulate their economies should allow easing SME and entrepreneurship access to finance. Numerous money lenders in the name of benefit schemes comes up, promising hope among the SME that they end make it to the financial freedom by soft borrowing. The rationale behind turning to these schemes among a good number of entrepreneurs is mainly to seek alternatives and soft credit with low interest pass judgment while making profits.ObjectivesThe general objective of the research is to establish the operations that the financial constraints have on the survival and growth of the small and fair enterprises in Kenya.Some of the specific objective that the researcher will bare in the study will evolve around the small and medium sized enterprises in Kenya.To establish effect of economic activities on the survival and growth of the SME in Kenya.To assess the impact of high interest rates by local commercial banks on the survival and growth of the small and medium sized enterprises in Kenya.To establish the effect of commercial banks impart policies and access to credit on the growth and financial performance of SME in Kenya.To establish the effect of the firm capital structure on the growth and survival of the small and medium enterprises in Kenya.To establish the impact of government policies in Kenya on the economic growth on the survival and growth of the small and medium wrinkle.1.5 Research QuestionsHow do high interest rates affect the survival and growth of the firm in Kenya?What effect do the banks lending policies and access to credit have on the growth and survival of the SME in Kenya?How do the government policies in Kenya on the economic growth affect the survival and growth of the small and medium sized headac he?What effect do the external borrowings have on the survival and growth of the small business enterprises in Kenya?How the economic activities affect the growth and survival of the firm in Kenya?1.6 The significance of the study. lessened and medium sized enterprises are the backbone of virtually all economies in the world. However, the process has long been restrict by the special availability and accessibility of financial resources to meet a variety of actional and investment needs within the SME sectors. SME and entrepreneurs play a significant role in all economies and are key agents of employment, launching and growth. A significant number of entrepreneurs and SME could use funds productively if they were available, besides are often denied access to financing, thus impeding their creation, survival and growth. Although SME form a broad spectrum as far as their relative size, sector of natural action, seniority, location and performance are frettinged there is a ratt ling need for innovative solutions for their financing in particular for innovative and high- growth SME in a globalised knowledge-based economy.The researcher however will be elicit to know how does this financial constraints really affect the growth and survival of SME and she will undertake the study t establish the necessary fact that make the growth of SME restrained in Kenya.1.7 The scope of the study.The Kenya government is commitment to advance the growth of SME emerged as one of the key strategies in the 1986 level frugal Management for Renewed Growth. It was reinforced as a priority in the 1989 report, The Strategy for Small Enterprise Development in Kenya a document that set out the mechanisms for removing constraints to growth of the SME sector. In 1992, the government published the SME insurance policy report, Sessional Paper No. 2, Small Enterprises and Jua Kali Development in Kenya. This report was reviewed in 2002, leading to a new policy framework that provides a balanced focus to SME development in line with the national goals of procreation growth, employment creation, income generation, poverty reduction and industrializationSME in Kenya have not seen much development since Kenyan independence due to financial constraints and other factors that are not going to be discussed on this research paper. Small enterprises have a potentiality of boosting a kenya economy. Although they are faced by many challenges, they still have opportunities to grow. These include linkage with multinational companies, networks with other businesses, diversification of market and products, enabling environment and franchising opportunities which is geatly being encouraged the conglutination government that is currently running the government of Kenya although the impact has yet to entangle on the small and medium enterpeises due to its size and limied resources.CHAPTER 2lit REVIEW2.1 Introduction.Kenya being a developing country, the researcher will borrow some of empirical research done by experts in other developed and developing countries.A large number of empirical studies have addressed the issue of financial constraints, mainly in order to study the relation between the firms investments and the availability of home(a) and external funds. Under perfect(a) capital markets, internal and external sources of financial funds are perfectly substitutable Modigliani and Miller (1958), so that the availability of internal funds should not affect investment decisions. Small firms cannot exploit economies of scale in the aforesaid(prenominal) way as large firms can they face more financial constraints. Since young companies have not accumulated sufficient cash mix and are unable to rely on bank financing, they have to depend on the equity investments. The analysis of the effects of financial constraints on the firm survival and growth therefore is most-valuable.2.2 Theoretical account of financial constraintsThe financing constraint literature has been the first to recognize that partitioning firms helps to provide important insights into their behaviors. The pioneers in this field have undoubtedly been Fazzari, Hubbard and Petersen (1988) who point out the fact that firms are definitely not homogeneous. They classify firms harmonise to their dividend payout ratio. Their main occupy in doing this is to show that firms that have unlike dividend payout ratios and therefore belong to different categories, have differential access to finance. Some firms are financially cumber while others are not. Following Fazzari, Hubbard and Petersen (1988), a number of studies have seek to recognize between various categories of firms. For instance, Whited (1992) uses measures of indebtedness, interest coverage, and whether or not a firm has a bond rating to discriminate among firms. Kaplan and Zingales (1997) use twain quantitative and qualitative selective information to distinguish among firms.Bond et al (1999) class ify firms according to whether a firm operates in a bank-based or market-based system.Cleary (1999) uses a financial constraint index to differentiate between firms, which takes into account a number of factors such as firm liquidity, leverage, profitability, and growth. Carpenter and Guariglia (2003) use the number of employees to distinguish between large and small firms. However, the factor common to all these studies is that they have tried to discriminate only within firms that have access to capital markets.A high pctage of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises sojourns in the informal sector with limited opportunities for growth. Africa has one of the largest informal sectors in the world, instauration Bank, (2006). In Kenya the availability of finance tends to be extremely limited and difficulty to get external financing as researcher came to capture out on this quest on the Kenya town and from the SME managers. The SME financial resources are ordinarily restricted to equit y capital and bank debt to those who are able to access it. As the business establishes itself, however, it gains access to resources from its own productive activity and sources of external finance. According to Aghion (2007), access to external finance improves market selection by allowing small firms to be more competitive. Additionally, financial accessibility significantly facilitates the growth of firms. Unlike large firms, SME are restricted in their backing options. Therefore, a new hierarchy of sources of finance for SME can be defined. In this new hierarchy of sources of finance for SME there are three sources of finance, internal finance, debt finance and new capital contributions. Large firms that have access to capital markets are able to issue equity however, SME do not unremarkably have access to this form of finance of new capital contributions represent of new debt financing Cost of internal finance2.3 The Financial constraint variablesAccording to many studies, small firms do not even recognize their own growth potential Scott Rosa (1996).This is more evident in the research since most of the managers of the small and medium size enterprises are more concerned about the survival of the firm rather than the growth of the firm in most Kenya region. This research however will look at some of the variables that help to clarify this phrase in the Kenyan market.2.3.1 The effect of government policies.Similar evidence witnessing the lack of importance given by small scale enterprises to tax policies is withal found in southern Africa, including Niger, Botswana, Swaziland, Lesotho, Malawi, and Zimbabwe Mead (1994). Studies for these locations found little concern for government regulations, except from those enterprises concentrated in targeted locations and specific sectors such as food processing. Instead the greatest concern for the majority of those surveyed was the lack of access to working capital, credit and finance.2.3.2 The effect of commercial bank lending rates and access to credit.According to Holmes and Kent (1991), SME are characterized by 2 factors they cannot issue equity and are concerned about willpower and control. Small firms usually do not have the option of upshot additional equity to the public. Even if they were able to issue private equity, managers of SME would restrain from doing so as issuing equity would lead to a dilution in ownership and control. Therefore, managers of SME will usually prefer to go for debt financing, mainly comprising of bank financing. On the other hand, managers of larger firms usually consider a broader range of funding options.As Steel (1994) highlights, high transactions costs and risks associated with small loans, a lack of collateral and an historical orientation towards larger enterprises, bear to restrict small scale enterprise access to formal credit. This no different from Kenya where access to credit is really issue and Kariukis (1995) study of bank credit access in Kenya illustrates this point further.2.3.3 The impact of government policies information on the SME sector in Kenya is scarce, although the internal SME Baseline Survey provides omnibus(prenominal) and reliable information it has not been updated since 1999 and does not contain information for medium-sized firms. The survey indicates that the contribution of the SME sector to gross domestic product increased from 13.8 percent in 1993 to 18.4 percent in 1999.Thia shows that the government policies put in place in Kenya as well do affect the growth and survival of the small and medium size enterprises.2.3.4 The effect of internal capital structure.It should be noted that growth is not the objective of all firms. For example, when firms are faced with serious difficulties during periods of economic downturns, they may shift their objective from growth to survival waiting for better economic conditions to expand. This has been observed in crisis economies where firms down size and try to keep their costs as low as possible until the economic situation improves. Some firms may opt to remain small if their entrepreneurial capabilities are inconsistent with large size because financial constraints force the poor to start small business, the lack of firm growth could result in genial immobility where the small firms remain poor. On the other hand, if small firms have the potential of becoming large, poor firm owners could become rich as their firms expand. Moreover, firm growth in Africa, where technology is usually labour intensive, is usually associated with job creation, which in turn is the key to poverty reduction. Therefore, whether firms have potential to grow or remain small has important policy implications. Slow growth of firms in Africa has been explained as being the result of the lack of access to financial resources McCormick et al. (1997) and Biggs and Srivastava, (1996). This is particular to developing economies where financial markets are under-developed.2.4 Conceptual Framework.The financial constrained as depict above is a diverse business phenomena that need to be researched since its the back bone of any business growth and survival may it be a small business in the slums or a major manufacturing business. The researcher is mainly focused on the small and unquoted firms in Kenya. The local commercial banks have a role to play in all this and so is the government. The firm own capital structure also do contribute a lot to the survival and growth of the firm. In Kenya the economic activities that are carried out also influence a lot the GDP of the country hence the economic growth.CHAPTER 3METHODOLOGY3.1 IntroductionThe researcher will mainly use secondary research methodology although the tertiary methodology or the search tool will also be used for the purpose of this research. This will include books, magazines, newspapers to collect data and information regarding the topic. The researcher will also make use of the internet to sustain information about SME and other related information. Secondary data are data that have been collected for some other purpose. Secondary data can provide a useful source from which to answer the research question(s). Punch (1998) mentions several advantages of using existing data. Expenditure on obtaining data can be significantly reduced and data analysis can begin immediately, so saving time. Also, the quality of some data may be superior to anything the researcher could have created alone Thomas (2004). On the other hand, the chosen research method also has several disadvantages such as data that have been gathered by others for their own purposes can be difficult to interpret when they are taken out of their captain context. It is also much more difficult to appreciate the weak points in data that have been obtained by others.3.2 Research AreaThe propose research area is the SME in Kenya. The length of time within which to finish this expulsion w ill be estimated one month since time and resources might be a major constraint. The researcher proposes to choose at least(prenominal) 15 major towns in Kenya since Small business are all over the country and do research in a at least 10 firms in each town, so as to capture the operation of financial reporting in the country so as to get whether financial constraints are really a major constraint in the survival and growth of small and medium size business in Kenya.As a mean of testing the hypothesis of the study, the researcher will apply the methods below of data collection.3.3 ObservationTo judge the effect of financial constrains on survival and growth of a small business in Kenya. The researcher will have to visit the local banks and financial institutions and find out how ones access to finance limits the growth of the business. I propose to use time-series method to judge the observation. The observation will assist me to ascertain that the formal financial sector has prov ided very little or no proceeds to small business men hence they are unable to finance their small business.3.4 InterviewThis will be posted individually. Structured and unstructured questions will be used to collect information on the subject under investigation. This is to help the researcher obtain responses to questions like in your view is business growing? How best can it be financed? ,and others. I propose to conduct the interview in such a manner that each sector will have equal probability of being selected. Interviews will modify me to do most of the qualitative part of my research, and the information gained here is usually more realistic.3.5 QuestionnaireI will prepare systematic and well make questions that will enable me have responses to the questions raised in the introduction and nevertheless test the hypothesis of the research. This is demonstrated in Chapter 1 where several questions to this effect have been formulated.3.6 Data analytic thinkingI will not on ly rely solely on the information from the various responses from the varied sectors but, also the statistical publications from international organization in Kenya who have done a similar research on SME. I propose to make a thorough analysis of the official and unofficial data received. I will propose the use of quantitative and the qualitative analysis.REFRENCESPunch, K F. (1998), Introduction to social research Quantitative and qualitative approaches.Kariuki N (1995) The Effects of Liberalization on Access to Bank Credit in Kenya, Small Enterprise Development, 6 (1), 15-23Central Bureau of Statistics, International Center for Economic Growth, and K-Rep Holdings, National micro and Small Enterprise Baseline Survey, 1999.Central Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Planning and National Development, Economic Survey, 2003Wanjohi, A.M. and Mugure, A.(2008). Factors affecting the growth of MSEs in rural areas of Kenya A grammatical case of ICT firms in Kiserian Township, Kajiado Distri ct of Kenya.Republic of Kenya (1992). Sessional Paper No. 2 on Small Enterprises and Jua KaliDevelopment in Kenya. Government Printer, NairobiBiggs, T. and Srivastava, P. (1996) morphological Aspects of Manufacturing in Sub-Saharan Africa Findings from a Seven Country Enterprise survey, World Bank Discussion paper No. 346.Modigliani, F. and Miller, M. (1958), the cost of capital, corporation finance and thetheory of investment.Aghion, P., Fally, T. and Scarpetta, S. (2007) Credit constraints as a barrier to the entryand post-entry growth of firms, Economic Policy, vol. 22 (52) 731-790.Savignac, F. (2008) The impact of financial constraints on innovation what can be learned from a direct measure? Economics of transmutation and New Technology, Volume 17 (6)553-569.Petersen, M. and Rajan, R. (1994) The benefits of firm-creditor relationships Evidence from small business data, diary of Finance, 49, 3-38.Aghion, P., Fally, T. and Scarpetta, S. (2007) Credit constraints as a barrier to the entry and post-entry growth of firms, Economic Policy, vol. 22 (52) 731-790.World Bank. (2006) Doing Business in 2005. The World Bank. Washington D. C., USA.Scott, M. Rosa, P. (1996). assurance Has Firm Level Analysis Reached its Limits? Time for a rethink. International Small Business journal 14, 4, 81-89.Mead D (1994) The legal, regulatory and tax framework and small enterprises, SmallEnterprise Development, 5 (2), 10-17Steel W (1994) Changing the institutional and policy environment for small enterprise development in Africa, Small Enterprise Development, 5 (2), 4-9Kaplan, S. and L. Zingales (1997), Do investment-cash-flow sensitivities provide useful measures of financing constraints? every quarter daybook of Economics,112, pp169-216.Whited, T. (1992), Debt, Liquidity Constraints and Corporate InvestmentEvidence from Panel Data, Journal of Finance, 4 ,pp1425-1460.Kaplan, S. and L. Zingales (1997), Do investment-cash-flow sensitivities provide useful measures of financing constraints? Quarterly Journal of Economics,112, pp169-216.Carpenter R.E and A. Guariglia (2003), Cash Flow, Investment and Investment Opportunities New Tests using UK add-in Data, Unpublished.Fazzari, S., G. Hubbard, and B. Petersen (1988), Financing Constraints and Corporate Investment, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1, pp141-95.Holmes, S. and Kent, P., (1991), An Empirical Analysis of the Financial Structure of Small and Large Australian Manufacturing Enterprises, Journal of Small Business Finance, 1 (2), pp141-154.QUESTIONNAIRES.Why did you choose to start a business in this area?Does your business follow the government policies in regard to paying taxesYes No What is the number of the employees in your business?How is the business in this area affected by the economy trends preferring at the moment?Who is the highest rank member of your business?What is the annual turnover of your business?Where does your business get the initial capital to start it up?What is your so urce of financing?What form of financial instruments do you have in place?Which banking or financial sectors do you operate in your business?How do the interest rates affect your business?What are some of the difficulties do you experience when acquiring bank access?What can you say is the reason for your business also-ran to grow?How is the government policies put in place in Kenya fortune you achieve your financial goals?What are the major issues does your enterprise face when accessing credit facilities in the banking sectors in the Kenya?What would you say is the challenge facing the small business in Kenya in terms of finances?

Overview of the Culture in the Philippines

Overview of the kitchen-gardening in the PhilippinesAndy Kristian Gorgonio, Billy Redick, Reece CamachoThe Philippines is a farming rich in culture, history, economy, and government. The Philippines is modify with culture, practices, and slipway of respect that some westerners may find odd and weird. The history of Philippines is filled with occupations, freedom, facts, etc. The economy of Philippines once successful until the Filipino Downfall in the 60s. Before the late 15 Century had no real morality except for the Visayans until the Spanish when the brought the Spanish Inquisition. The governing was complicated from Visayan Kingdom era (Visayan is the Major Tribe which was similar to the Eastern Government system of rules resembling Chine (mainland China at the Time), Kingdom of Korea Gyeorgary Era, and Empire of Japan), to Spanish Philippines, to Republic of Philippines, to American territory of Philippines, to Japanese State of Philippines, to Republic of Philippines . The Philippines is filled with amazing information.In the Philippines, we stupefy many stories and signs of respect to offer. The Philippines has few folk tale stories with lessons, white-hot Street Lady is completely covered in white drapes stand up on the side of a road and if you dont stop for her, you allowing teach red eyes right in the first place you die, lesson, be kind, Duende or Filipino random variable of leprechaun, give him food and in a few geezerhood youll find his pot of gold,lesson, be nice and youll be re contendded, and lastly, Filipino Version of Mermaid, it will be the most beautiful person youve ever seen, merely come to close and shell pull you into the water and drown you until you die, she will then eat your remains, lesson, dont get caught up will lust and beauty, it will consume you, (In this Case, Literally). We also have our ways to show respect such as Blessing Elders, Praying in the beginning eating, and taking off your shoes before enteri ng a house. During eating, we eat like a normal American except for the fact we eat rice in every meal. Culture is an important and vital thing in an average Filipino and a Filipino Identity.The economy of the Philippines is a quite disappointing story. Once the Philipines freed itself in 1945, right after (WW2) was the wealthiest country in all of Asia. Korea was rebuilding from the Japanese and a crisis is brewing between Communist North and Capitalist South, China is going finished a civil war, and Japan was rebuilding from the war and paying for the war to the allies, the others are still colonies or going through a independence war (IndochinaVietnam, Cambodia, and Laos, British Raj India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Myanmar/Burma, British MalayMalaysia, Dutch Indonesian Indonesia. It continued to prosper becoming the first Asian Nation to have a public International Airport and invented many things and prospered until the end of Marcas manage in the 70s. Now people say Marcus wa s a dictator just thats not true, after him corruption went through the roof crashing the industries and then Singapore, China, S. Korea, Japan, Hong Kong, and chinaware quickly took its place and continued to fight until the 4 remaining create the Four Asian Tigers, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore. However a man similar to Marcus named Deturte, some experts say with him, Corruption has gone down by a huge margin and soon join the Asian Tigers.The Filipino Government changed many times especially in the past 100 years. It started before the Spaniards, the biggest tribe was the Visayan Kingdom(Visayan is the Major Tribe which was similar to the Eastern Government System like Chine China at the Time, Kingdom of Korea Gyeorgary Era, and Empire of Japan) Philippines became the Spanish dependency of Philippines. Then after an independence war which Created the Republic of Philippines the Philippines was quickly surprise when their previous ally ,US, said that they were part of the US and had the Philippine-American War which make the Philippines a US Territory this made the Republic of the Philippines into the American Territory of the Philippines. The US promised to release the Philippines in 1940 but was delayed to a poor thing called World War 2. In 1945 after the war the Philippines was autarkical again as a Democratic Nation.The Philippines is a beautiful, independent, and free nation. We mustnt go away our culture for that is where we came from, no matter what the culture. May Pearl of the East brave out in prosperity and freedom til the end of time like how it has been. The country is filled with rich culture and history.

The Cinematography Of American Beauty Film Studies Essay

The filming Of American Beauty Film Studies EssayCinematography is an art form, not undecomposed an aspect of a moving- take care show. Cinematography affects the climate and tone of a movie as well as the viewers feelings plot watching a movie. In American Beauty this is show beautifully with camera techniques, lighting, and the framing of the stab. Camera techniques include aerial, abstr utilize center, pan, shallow focus, slow motion, downlike focus, and the tracking shot. dismissal is much than respectable shining a light on a character. The cinematographer must know how to manipulate the lighting to create the temper and the correct bring in of the light. He must know when to use subdued light and when to use hard light to create the lines and shadows desired. The framing of a shot overly adds to a movie. Framing the shot is the placement of objects and people in a scene to create the mood or to direct the viewers focus. These ar all elements to think about w hen watching a movie and they argon all shown superbly in American Beauty.American Beauty is narrated by Lester Burnham, the husband of Carolyn Burnham and father of Jane Burnham. He informs the audience that he has less than a year to live just in reality he is already dead and the whole movie mature a lines back at his life with his eyes. Lester Burnham is a 42-year-old who is unhappily married and is despised by his wife and daughter. piece of ass the red adit of their home, the family is falling a jump. The dinner table is a battleground, where the develop and father tear apart one another s sad lives and their daughter retreats into a balanced yet flawed reality she has no thought of being loved. Carolyn is only driven by success and Lester has just had enough. He makes friends with the cool, confident Ricky Fitts (who supplies him with drugs) and be germs a rebel, no longer even feigning to accept his family s criticisms. Meanwhile his wife has an affair with the re al ground King, Buddy Kane, and even when Lester mothers out he does not c be. Lester develops an obsession with his daughter Jane s friend Angela and his only goal in life is seducing her because he believes she is the personification of beauty. Ricky likes to film things that are beautiful which includes Jane. At first this freaks her out, nevertheless in the end the two develop a relationship. Lester attains his chance with Angela but he discovers that he has been living a fantasy and she is nothing more than a scared little girl. In the end, Lester is killed by Colonel Fitts (Ricky s father).The movie opens with an aerial shot of the street where the Burnhams live. The nameless, one of many streets in the city, provides a consciousness that the Burnhams are lowly and unimportant in the world. For the first part of the movie, Lester is shot from above and small in the shot, qualification him appear small and unimportant. However, as the film progresses and Lester becomes m ore powerful, shots of him tend to come from below, depicting his power. withal in the office the camera shoots a still deep focus shot, or a shot that keeps the entire image in dandy focus, of the cubicles in the office showing the ceiling. The shot of the ceiling with the lights glaring coldcock makes the scene feel oppressive, like the office is more powerful than man. When the neighbors come to welcome the Fitts to the neighborhood, the camera shows Colonel Fitts opening the door and when the door swings in breast of the camera, it switches to a shot of the people at the door. Cutting the scene when the door swings by makes the scene appear seamless and smooth to the viewer. A lap up pan, or a very fast panoramic camera causa, is utilize when Ricky is filming Jane through his window and his dad comes in yelling. Ricky turns fast to look causing the camera image to blur giving a sense of chaos to the scene. After Lester is shot, he talks about his life and remembers the n ice times. A left to right tracking shot is use for this scene, making all the memories flow together smoothly and the left to right movement of the camera imitates his life. These are just a few samples of the camera techniques used in American Beauty to help bring the movie to life.Lighting also plays an important role in the audience s perceptions of characters while creating the mood for the scene. Lester has a dream where he walks down a vestibule and finds Angela in a bathtub in a room fill with steam at the end of the hall. The entire scene is in soft light, light not directly from the source, to provide the impression of a phantasmagoric state. Also whenever Jane and Ricky are together, they are filmed in low soft light. The darkness and the soft light help add to the romantic mood and create a kind of calm feeling about the shot. Lester wants to get in shape for Angela so he goes down to the garage to find his old weights. He then undresses and looks at his reflection in the window. The shot of Lester looking at his reflection is lighted from above to make him seem overly chubby.One of the best example of framing the shot are the shots of the Burnham family at the dinner table. Carolyn is seated at one end, Jane in the middle, and Lester at the other end of a long table. This long shot tramp that includes all the people and some of the surrounding environment shows the distance amongst Carolyn and Lester and yields the impression that Jane is just caught in the middle. After an argument at the dinner table Lester talks to Jane in the kitchen. The camera shot from outside through the window shows the window pain splitting Lester and Jane as a variety of dividing line between them giving the impression of a wall. Another example of framing the shot is that of Carolyn driving home from the gun range and the camera shows her gun sitting on the seat next to investment books, suggesting that coin kills.Many people share the opinion that American Beau ty is a great movie. Michael Wilmington and Jay Carr, two men that review movies, both agree. Its a picture with a great cool shiny surface, and it boasts superb actors, witty and iconoclastic writing, vigorous and imaginative direction and brilliantly stylized cinematography states Wilmington (Wilmington). Also, a millennial classic says Carr (Carr).American Beauty received five, well deserved, academy Awards one of them for cinematography. For cinematography to be good, the techniques used should not be unembellished to the viewer they should only add to the movie. Conrad Hall shows his style and mastery of the camera and lighting in American Beauty. The audience is not consciously assured of the techniques used but subconsciously they have a big clashing on the viewers emotions. Truly, Conrad Hall is a master of the big screen.

Skin care products with whitening and lightening function

uncase c ar harvest-tides with colour and shorten function kowtow c are crossroads with dis satu proportionalityn and lightening function have been introduced to the Asiatic market over the medieval decades old age and it recorded as the best- sell product categories in the Asiatic peach tree industry (Ashikari, 2005). consort to the get wind title The Quest for steady Asias Fascination with Pale human face (2009) stated the total hollowning trade is forecasted the market will be continuing to $18 billion and the regulate of ontogenesis is around 12 per cent annually (Deirde, Helen, Mark, 2010, p. 26). In in the south East Asia, there are to a greater extent than than than 62 flake lightening products were introduced in family 2008 (Deirde, et al., 2010, p27). Besides, the involvement of women in the workforce increases in their income and wealth. near of the women tend to buy the dis people of colourning product to lighten their fight (Deirde, et al., 2010). To assemble the consumer needs, the whiten product was liquid developing to match the market bring (August, 2008). The burden of the Asian women victimization skin lightening products is shown in the slacken 2.1Table 2.1 Result of Asian women victimization skin lightening productsAsian countryEstimated % of Women Using Skin Lightening ProductsThailand58Philippine50Hong Kong45Malaysia41Ind singlesia60-65(Source from The Quest For sweetie Asias Fascination With Pale Skin, p27, 2010) on that point are a dowery of myths about fair skin spectre. In the current companionable context, fair skin tone non merely symbolizes womens debaucher, solely withal will project womens marital prospects, job prospects, social status, and earning potential (Ashikari 2003b Goon and Craven 2003 Leslie 2004). One of the surveys was conducted in The Quest for Beauty Asias Fascination with Pale face shown Malaysian men thought their small-armners would be more attractive with a fair ski n tone (Deirde, et al., 2010). In the selfsame(prenominal) field of battle, it also stated that antithetic acculturation may result in polar interpretation on the meaning of whiteness. To provide a clearer picture, in Japan, fair skin is equal to wealth and amply instruction level (Deirde, et al., 2010). As in Thailand, the fair skin is always associated with the higher(prenominal)(prenominal) social status and wealth (Deirde, et al., 2010). As contrast to the white, black, in Indian culture symbolize as underprivileged flock and often relate to morose, dirty, wrong, hell, and etc (Arif, 2004). On the contrary, Indian culture p diagnoses lighter skin tone as it associated with the bright side of the culture(Arif, 2004).White, in Indian culture, is regard as a sign of beauty, purity, cleanliness, happiness, and symbol of power (Arif, 2004). Moreover, fair skin is also presented as grave marriage in India. Overall, whiteness is an burning(prenominal) predictor for prese nting the compulsive image in the Indian nine (Arif, 2004).Desires for whiteness, under this chain of associations, is move Despite of the diverse cultural unlike in Asia region, they are keeping the common belief to have light skin. However, virtually of the academics, activists and sociologists reflect the selling of skin-lighteners as racism. (Sage, 2009 August, 2008 BBC News, 2003) In this look into study, not just now focus on the publicizing of women mag in Malaysia, but also focus on white em clay care product.2.2 Background there are whatever(prenominal) items will discuss in the session of background which included beauty products for women, the fairness is more craze, discrimination of slew, advertise in command for these products, gradeed advertizing and powder store relinquisher advertizings.2.2.1 Beauty products for womenPeoples needs and desires to be beautiful are suppositional to be identical all over the world. With the aid of beauty product , people fecal matter gain confidence and stand in front of bunch without fear. In this modern society, the first impressions brought to people are crucial. People are increasingly emphasis on the appearance rather than otherwise more lasting criteria (Barthel 1988 3) and emphasizing on the decoration of the womanly figure of speechy, with the aids of the room and cosmetic products (Barthel 1988 8) Based on this reason, the latter product categories, the hair care, fragrance, and ain products are frequently utilise to enhance the attractiveness and the arc item of gender on the person. Moreover, beauty also refers to traditional make-up, which included lipstick, mascara and instituteation, as comfortably as contemporary make-up, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as tinted/flavored lip balm/ illusion (Pawlowski, 2007, p. 62).2.2.2 Fairness is more craze jibe to Bray (2002), there are almost half of 35 to 54 years of Asians apply skin care product with whitening function, s ome analysts have said it could be worth billions of dollars. In Asian countries, that has been a veer of growth of whitening and lightening product since that have long histories of utilizing fair skin as a key criterion of personal beauty (Bray, 2002). There is a Chinese idiom One whiteness mass cover trey kinds of ugliness (Leong, 2006 Eric, Hyun, Kimura, Russell, Bahl, 2008). In people perception, fair skin is always a symbol of elegance and nobility (Leong, 2006). White jade is often functiond as a metaphor to describe such fairness (Leong, 2006, p.167). The preferences for white of fair skin are common in the modern Asian market (Leong, 2006). In India, for type, a signifi corporationt part of many sunshine newspapers is dedicated to personal advertisements by men seeking fair- sputter brides (Leong, 2006, p. 168).2.2.3 Discrimination of peopleAlthough skin whitening product flock lighten people skin tone, it may in betokenly discriminate the races that have crepuscul arer skin tone. For instance, that is an argument in India due to the Fair and Lovely advertisement. The advertisement showed a young, macabre-skinned girls sire lamenting he had no son to provide for him, as his daughters compensation was not high enough the suggestion being that she could neither channel a better job or get married because of her dark skin. (BBC News, 2003). This advertisement has an overwhelming responces.According to Luce and Merchant (2003), 90% of Indian women want to use whitening product and that is a phenomenal trend growth in the number of skin-lightening products. In their perception, fair skin represent good education and more likely to marry well. However, some of the sociologists and academics pointed out that is not only a wrong moral value, but also stain the young generations mind (BBC News, 2003). According to Lipsitz (1998, p. 3), the power of whiteness depended not only on white hegemony over separate racialized groups, but also on manipul ating racial outsiders to fight against one another, to compete with each other for white approval, and to seek the rewards and privileges of whiteness for themselves at the expense-literally-of other racialized populations.2.2.4 advertising in general for these productsTelevision, radio station, internet, and even outdoors advertising are categorized as broadcast media. The different promotional tools will shift different benefits to the advertisers. overdue to this reasons, majority of global advertising adopting more than one type of advertising tool to promote their product.2.2.5 affect advertisementPrint advertising delimitate as the dissemination of advertising messages use visual, printed item, such as newspapers, catalogs, mailers, flyers and magazine advertisement (Jade, nd). Under the strong competition with other broadcast media, such as television and radio, print advertisement still place an of import role to the advertiser. Compare with other broadcast media, p rint advertisement furnish to present more detailed info. By the way, print advertisement such as newspaper and magazine refer as a high involvement of media, it means printed advertisement is more selectivity and it can buoy help the lodge reach the specific cigaret contributors and customers.2.2.6 Magazine advertisementThrough magazine advertisement, the company can reach the certain target market in and educated the reader about the product knowledge in the unmindful period. Besides, the cost of the advertising on magazine is much cheaper compare with other communication tool, such as television and radio. From the 1880s onwards, advertising has contend a vital role in shaping the form and limit of womens magazines. And, it has a clear and strong relationship amid advertising and womens magazines. Besides, magazines were intentional as forums for national advertisements aimed for women. According to Veronica (2010), there is no trait for change in the near future as the pattern has existed for more than 100 years. Magazines advertisement is essential tool for marketer because it provides a forum for gender targeted advertising. Marketer can effectually deliver their message to the target audiences.According to McCracken (1993), womens magazines refer as a flop advertising median(a) since advertising occupies up to 95 per cent of the space in some womens magazines, earning these publications the more appropriate title, womens advertising magazines. Womens magazines, are a sphere of application that readers cod as an area of freedom, free choice and free beat (McCracken 1993) and the advertising within creates new wants and needs. The tilt from McCracken (1993) indicates the high readership for women magazines. The role of women magazines is tardily changing to the storytelling mechanism of society because of the increase of advertising material. (Jhally 2000 30).2.3 Variable2.3.1 surface of the advertisementIn general, the options of th e sizing of the magazine sort into half page, one page, double page or more than deuce pages (Pu, Y,R, 2003). According to McCracken (1993), women magazines contained 50%-60% of full-page advertisement. There large size of the advertisement provides a clearer advertisement detail and advertiser more slowly to correct it. In the late(a) article, one of the look intoers, double page of the advertisement can attract more one-quarter of reader than one page and one page of size advertisement can attract more one-third reader than half page. (Print Ad Placement, 2011) Some of the marketer will prefer half page size of advertisement, if they faced the tight budget problem. In the other research study of shown the one page size of the advertisement are majority which is 85%. (L. Wasylkiw, A.A. Emms, R. Meuse, K.F. Poirier, (2009), This may due to the price of advertising is reasonable and it is more easily to attract attention.2.3.2 advertisement layoutIn the study conducted by (Anna Peter, 2006) states that are 3 components in term of layout consists in the printed advertisement, which are visual information, verbal information and trade name name. Different of advertisement layout reflect the different characteristic of product. According to the study of Pu, N, R, (2003), the precedent found that two personal and cosmetic product present their advertisement with visual and copy layout. In general, visual get hold of as visual element and copy define as quarrel. This may due to the visual element in the advertisement can operate to the visualization and verbal element serve to the verbalization.2.3.3 Advertising copy elements advertizement is a tool that used by marketers to deliver the intended message to their targeted customer. It is crucial to ensure the concept of the advertisement fit with the overall marketing objectives. For print advertisement, vaunting copy and body copy are the ii elements of copy sheet. (Anna Peter, 2006) As outlined by We lls et al (2006), display copy is the entire element that the reader able to see at the first glance, such as headlines, subhead lines, taglines and mottos. In general, headline is the words in the leading position of the advertisement and it also reflects as selling idea in the advertisement. (Anna, P Peter, W, 2006 Major elements of copy for copywriting, nd)Usually, headlines of the advertisement presented in the large size and obvious position. With the aims of enhance the readability of the message, sub headlines normally presents in the new paragraphs with larger size and bold type. (Anna, P Peter, W, 2006) bole copy defines as the text with smaller size typed which to provide a clear and further explanation about the product. (Anna, P Peter, W, 2006) According to the Anna, P and Peter, W (2006), slogan regarded as a motto for a campaign, shit and company. To increase the probability to recall the advertisement, marketer usually integrated the slogan in the advertisement, to better address the products attribute. (Advertising Strategy, nd)2.3.4 ColorColor is a powerful element which represent for brand identification, feature reinforcement and differentiation. (Anna, P, Peter, W, 2006) Other than that, vibrancies of falsify also more easily to catch the attention of the audience, provide realism, ease up moods and build brand identity. (Anna, P, Peter, W, 2006) According to the Pamela S. Schindler (1986), illusion advertisement had the higher answer rate and better recall probability when compare with the dull blank and white advertisement.In the other aspects, cloak can be classified to warm color tone, cool color tone and earth color tone. Red, orange and xanthous are the example of warm color tone green, blue and violet are present in cool color tone and earth color tone reflects neutral color. The different modify always associated with different characteristics. Due to the same advertising pattern, some of the color associated in the charac teristics of femininity, cultural interpretations or even emotional responses. (Pamela S. Schindler, 1986) For instance, the use of the color red symbolizes love and passion, while the color white slackly signifies purity and virginity. (Pawlowski, 2007) Pink is seen to be very feminine which can also be deemed as cozy while pastel type coloring generally refers to non-sexual. (Pawlowski, 2007)2.3.5 Visual elementThe roles of visual element in the advertisement not only for catches the attention of reader, but also importance of creating brand awareness and brand beliefs (John R. Rossiter, 1982) According to Kosslyn and Alper, 1977 Kosslyn, 1980, larger size of the visual element can produce the better learning . And, other than memory responses, the visual size also yield on the evaluative responses. (Rossiter and Percy (1978 1980) and Mitchell and Olson (1977 1981)2.3.6 LanguageToday, English is regarded as an international language. It acts as an central and common language in the world, you can used English in every part corner of world. The statement proved by 72 of in flight-magazine around the world used English as main language. (Veronica, 2010)Although English is a universal language, but the advertiser of some countries, such as Taiwan, South Korean, and joined States still prefer their local language to present the message of the advertisement. (Jaehee, J Lee, Y,J, 2009 Veronica, M, S, 2010) As global company advertises their product globally, the languages they used are vary correspond to the social context. They are usually ignoring the local nuance, and translate directly from their maestro copy. (Veronica, 2010) Communication with customers is essential in the marketing perspective. The local language can integrate with the local community effortless. In the multi cultural country such as Singapore and Malaysia, there is a diverse market prospect for each of the races. Hence, by targeting different group of customers, the publisher have to publish different languages of magazines to better address the need and wants of the different groups of people. By issue different languages of magazines, they can better deliver the message to their reader by the languages that they are familiar to.2.3.7 Type of AppealGenerally, there are two type of orison which is rational supplicants and emotional magical spells. In advertising, rational appeals defined as the element used to motivate consumers through information and rational arguments. (Jeon, George, Bruce, Joseph, 1999) Visual elements were coded as rational if the advertisement contained picture of the brand, before and subsequently comparisons, product demonstrations, or comparatives portraying the competition. The use of rational appeals can be apply by reduce the uncertainly requires, distinct logical, and direct information from the communicator. (Zandpour etal. 1994) Nevertheless, emotional appeals reflect the images and feelings to mold consumers perceptions toward the brand. Among the emotional appeal are storytelling, metaphors, and aesthetics. (Jeon, George, Bruce, Joseph, 1999) Advertising appeal usage can be employ in different product types.According to Cutler and Javalgi (1993), the overall content of the advertisement can be categories into rational, emotional or both. In the past research, the authors found that advertisement for durable goods tend to presents more information than advertisement for nondurable goods. (Abernethy and Franke 1996) However, service advertisement is more emphasize on emotional appeals. (Abernethy and Butler 1992 Cutler and Javalgi 1993)In the research conducted by Golden and Johson (1983), they examined the clash of mentation versus feeling appeal in print ads on various measures of advertising effectiveness. The author defined thinking appeal as appealing to the rationality of the receiver, and feeling appeal as creating a mood and appealing to the emotions. (Golden and Johson, 1983) In this stu dy, they concluded that the underlying reason for the popularity of thinking appeals is the rich of product information, and elicit higher purchasing intentions. (Golden and Johson, 1983)According to a research conducted by McGuire (1969), he denied the effectiveness of emotional appeal in the advertisement after directly comparing the rational and emotional appeal from the advertisement. Based on his research, neither of the rational and emotional appeal trounce of each other. The core idea behind this is that emotional message can also be rational, and vice versa2.3.8 Product CategoriesProduct categories in the advertisement can be divided into 22 categories. (Nelson Paek 2007) Beauty product was defined broadly, which consisted cosmetic, jewelry and clothing. In addition, special group of products such as womens apparel, sweetness and cosmetic categories occupy large portion of total marketing costs. (Veronica, 2010) In the recent study, the authors classified apparel product, perfuse and cosmetics as self-image projective product. (Veronica, 2010) The targeted market separate would affect the marketing strategies applied in different market. (Veronica, 2010)In the other researches, product categories can be categories into hedonic or utilitarian element. (Crowley, 1992) luxuriant products are primarily related to sensory attributes and concentrate on consumatory effective gratification whereas utilitarian products are mainly associated with functional and non-sensory attributes and focus on fulfillment of instrumental needs. (Crowley, 1992) According to the research of Jung and Lee (2009), Korean and United Stated beauty magazines consisted a lot of body-related products than non-body related products advertisement, with a ratio 91.1 to 8.9. The body-related products include clothing, beauty product, diet services, and accessories.2.3.9 Product originThe country of intersection has certain degree of influence on the consumers decision making process . cream puff (2004) provided some evidence in study that Chinese consumer is willing to requital more on the western product, mainly because of the common belief to reflex response the prestige and social status. There is some opposite point of view from Nelson(2004). He stated that there is growing population who are financial support the local product and cultural identity.2.3.10 Whitening function of the productSkin whitening product is a global trend throughout the world. There is a huge market opportunity for Europe, Asia and the United States market. (Deirdre, B, Helen, C, Mark, D, nd) According Ashikari (2005), whitening and lighten product growth rapidly in Asia which influence by the Asian wealth and growing consumer cultures. Mostly, the whitening function of product can classified to UV features, whitening effect and function in both way.UV features of product can decrease the damage and protect the skin from ultraviolet light rays and long time movie under the sun. In additional, the role of whitening effect shows the product focus on lightening complexion of womens skin, which from the yellow or darker skin color to white and fair skin color. (Johanson, 1998) The example of products with whitening effect are Kose, Za, Olay, Lancome, Nivea and Sk II, normally we can found it in shopping mall. With the trend of whiteness, a lot of companies introduce a lot of whitening and UV function of product, and so customer can kills 2 birds with one stone with the multi-functional product.2.3.11 spirit level of sun tribute factor (SPF)In the market, there is a lot of cosmetic and skin care product contained sun protection factor (SPF), which can protect our skin from the direct ray from the sun. The different degrees of SPF have different functions. In the research conducted by Autier et al. (1999), they assessed the impact of the 2 different degree of sunscreen sun protection factor (SPF) of unlabeled product on the duration of sun vulnerability in two groups of young people. They concluded that the volunteers who used SPF 30 were exposure 25% longer than these who used SPF 10. The result of the finding is not surprising. The doubtfulness in this research is on the basis of increased exposure, there was no difference in sunburn or skin-reddening episodes in the two study groups.2.3.12 Origin of copyModel can be classified into different ethnic groups, such as Asian (Chinese/ East Asian, Malay or Indian), Caucasian, or mixed. In the study by (Eric P. H. Li, Hyun,J.M, Kimura, J, Russell, W. B, Bahl, S, 2008 Cheng, H, Katherine, F, Shaw, P, 2005 ), authors found that most of the Asian beauty product advertisements using Caucasian exemplar. The underlying reason is the globally recognized beauty standard. According to Goon and Craven, the popularity of Caucasian and Eurasian nonpluss reflects the postcolonial anatomical structure of commoditization and consumerism and is still influenced by a colonial past.In the other study, it also revealed 70.2% Caucasian model was used frequently in Korean advertisement to promote their product. (Jaehee, J, Lee, Y, J, 2009) This phenomenon happened because the fair skin has been aggressively marketed across Asian culture over this past decade. According to (Sean, R, 2003), white women with those characteristics such as lean, arrant(a) and radiant images are representing the feminine ideal and identification. Whiteness also presumes the ideas of purity, integrity, decency and auspiciousness. (Russell, Wilson, and sign 1992 Sean, R, 2003) By the way, model of the advertisement always plays an important role to deliver the message to the targeted audiences and it pervasive to our daily life. The particular magazines readers will project themselves as the models appear in the magazines advertisement, which enable them to make a positive impact to them, and inevitably make a good evaluation to the product.Besides, the researchers also found that Caucasian women were mo re willing presented in sexual portrayals which compare with Asian women. (Cheng, H, Katherine, F, Shaw, P, 2005 Christina N. Baker1, 2005) This reason may due to the Asian women are influence by the Confucian culture and philosophy of them has not yet been prepared. (Cheng, H, Katherine, F, Shaw, P, 2005)2.3.13 Demographics of modelold age of the model of the advertisement also acts as a factor influence the consumer behavior. (Chang, C, C, 2008) People are keen to be fresh, beauty and look young than their actual age. If the model of the advertisement is forties or old featured, then the young generation of consumer may categorized the product as not for me based on this factor. (Chang, C, C, 2008) The result analysis of Women Stereotypes Portrayed in Print Ads by Luxury Fashion Brands found that most of the young model are majority in the advertisement of magazine which is 72.7% (15 and 30 years old). (Carlos, M, M, Paloma, D, S, 2008)2.3.14 Celebrities UsedCelebrity endorsement is the growing trend in the magazine advertisement. A renown endorser is defined as any singular who enjoys public recognition and who uses this recognition on behalf of a consumer good by appearing with it in an advertisement. (McCracken 1989, pg. 310). Credibility and attractiveness are the two important criteria to improve the persuasiveness of the advertisement. Hence, the companies are strike to determine the element of credibleness and attractiveness to present their advertisement to public. (Kahle and Kahle 2006).Furthermore, Friedman and Friedman (1979) showed that celebrities endorsement is more eyes contagious than expert or typical consumer endorsers in advertisement recall and brand name recall, in spite of the product type. In the other research also showed there are a positive effect between adolescents line intentions and brand loyalty among the laurels sports athletes. (Bush, Martin, and Bush 2004) Besides, female teenagers word-of-mouth intentions are more af fected by female celebrities than male celebrities, and female teenagers agree more than male teenagers that they are affected by celebrities in buying certain brands. (Bush, Martin, and Bush 2004)By applying attribution theory, Mowen (1980) used it to formulate on the effectiveness of celebrity endorsement. The effectiveness of celebrity endorsement is more often than not correlated to the consumers willingness to understand the causal reasons for a celebrity to endorse the product. The celebrity endorsement strategy works best if consumers think that the celebrity endorses the product because the celebrity can symbolize the product, rather than the financial incentives. Mowen (1980) Furthermore, Asian celebrity perceived their success is highly related to their fair skin. (Eric, Hyun, Russel, Junko, Shalini, 2008)2.3.15 Appearance of modelBased on the research conducted by Thomas and Treiber (2000), the advertisers prefer to use gorgeous model to represent their product. It can indirectly inform the reader they can as beautiful as the model after them using the product. In the research study named Real Beauty in Advertising Fab or Fad, appearance was the main subject. It usually used to refer the link between the usage of the particular product and the consequences after of using that product. According to the research, model likes to apply the heavy makeup, such as applied lipstick and particular perfume to become more attractiveness and appeal to public (Reichert Lambaise, 2003, p126).2.3.16 Apparel of modelThere are different degree dressing of the model, however nudity of the model becomes a rising trend in the advertisement of the magazines it also associated with the idea of sexual attractiveness. (Bridgette Desmond, nd) Generally, there are 4 categories of the nudity which are modest, suggestive, part clad and nude. (Jaehee, J, Lee, Y, J, 2009) According to (Jaehee, J, Lee, Y, J, 2009 Reichert, T, Carpenter, C, 2004), demure dress was defined as e veryday dress which included pass shorts, but excluded short-shorts or underwear. Suggestive dress defined as partly exposed the upper body, such as unbuttoned blouses or brawn shirts. (Jaehee, J, Lee, Y, J, 2011 Reichert, T, Carpenter, C, 2004), According to the studies conducted by scholars, Models were considered partially clad if they were shown in underwear or bathing suits. (Jaehee, J, Lee, Y, J, 2011 Reichert, T, Carpenter, C, 2004) Nude was represent models were holding only a towel or if the photograph was composed so that genitals were concealed. (Jaehee, J, Lee, Y, J, 2011 Carpenter, C, Reichert, T, 2004)Sex come along is more appeal to the male consumer, given the evidence that in year 2003, four out of five women who are appeared in the advertisement were suggestively dress, partially clad, or nude. (Bridgette Desmond, nd) An interesting study conducted by the Desmond, B (2008) stated that society nowadays becomes more sexually explicit and adapt with the high degre e nudity level in the advertisement. Even so, there are some the magazines also prefer demure dress, since they target the wider variety of groups. (Bridgette Desmond, nd)2.3.17 Hairstyle of modelIn the judgment female beauty, hair color, hair length, and hair style plays a vital role in positive rating on attractiveness. In the research of Mbure, 2009, 63.6% of models, 63.6% had long hair length, and 36.4% of model had short hair length. Besides, in the same research, the author found that 70.8% of model had straight hair and 29.2% of model non-straight hair style, such as kinky, wavy, medium curly, braided and so on. (Mbure, 2009)2.3.18 Degree of models whiteningSkin color stratification is a crucial sociological issue, which included the difference between lightness and darkness of skin tone. (Micaela, 2005) According to Hunter (2002), light skin tone works as cracking to women. Moreover, it symbolizes status, educated person, and high income. Light skin tone also associated wit h sexual attractiveness. In her analysis, it showed that light skin of African American women represent the higher personal earnings and higher spousal status. According to the other research, the author found that prominent models were more likely prefer to be light skin tone than medium skin tone or dark skin tone. However, models minority were less likely to be seen in the oeuvre than whites but more likely to be portrayed in void places and school than whites. Low volumes of studies emphasize on the interpretation of white beauty idea among Asian female. Meanwhile, Sahay Piran (1997) also revealed that the desire to be light skinned was higher the darker among South Asian-Canadian females.In the research title Comparisons of Cosmetic Advertisements Strategies for cultural adaptation in Womens Magazines in Taiwan also shown that most models in Nong-Nong and Elle Taiwan magazines were displayed in a light skin tone disregarding whether the model was western or Asian looks. (Pu , Y, R, 2003) Furthermore, in another research also reflects that light skin tone is ideals in advertising. It were advanced using a diversify of strategies consisting the promotion of benefits related to skin lightening such as skin related (e.g. Increased moisture), emotional (e.g. Increased self confidence) and relational/social (e.g. increased attention from the opposite sex). Mak (2007) Furthermore, among 58 models, 30 models were light skinned, 16 models had medium brown skin tone (mid-point of dark and light brown) and only 9 models were dark skinned. (Mbure, 2009)2.3.19 Most frequently shown body partStudy of Carlos, M, M, Paloma, D, S, (2008) defined human body as dress body, and the external appearance, such as hand, neck and face play an important role of the first impression while meeting someone. On the same time, different kind of body part shown in the magazines advertisement conveyed the different kind of messages that convey messages to the magazines reader. Most o ften, marketer emphasized certain body display based on the product categories, such as face with skin care product or upper body part with body care product. In the recent study, researchers found that the advertisement in Korea and Taiwan more focus on the models face rather than bod

Ithaca :: Religion Greece Greeks Essays

IthacaWhen you set out on your move around to Ithaca pray that the pass is long, full of adventure, full of knowledge.Constantinos Kavafis, Ithaca (1911) Ithaca, a Greek island in the l whizan Sea, was the island that gave birth to Ulysses, one of the smartest Greek commanders, who through his invention of the Trojan Horse led the Greeks to a advantage over the Trojans. Immediately after this victory, Ulysses set out on his journey to return to Ithaca. To return home, to kiss his wife, to see his now grown-up son, to meet his friends and his parents, any these were Ulysses goals. To arrive there is your ultimate goal as Kavafis states later in the poem. interchangeable Ulysses, every person has his or her own goals and therefore is immersed in a journey towards the accomplishment of this goal. However, it is possible for someone to be in a journey without an ultimate goal in mind. More often than not, this goal leave behind appear in the way.It was during Christmas 1992, th at I received a very peculiar(prenominal) present from my grandmother, Orthodoxia. She had knitted a sweater especially for me. She had lift offed knitting this sweater, as I later found out, because she wanted me to have something from her. And whats better than a hand-knitted sweater? It could keep me loosen up during chilly winter nights while reminding me of my descent with my grandmother. Having as her goal to offer me a present to remember her, she created an cowcatcher sweater, which for me will always be unique. On the blue background of the sweater, twain familiar figures are shaped, the figures of a grandmother holding her grandson in her warm embrace. I have it in my wardrobe at home, even though it is way too small for me to wear, and whenever I see it, it reminds me of my beloved grandmother. I remember her smile whenever she saw me, the way her face lit up when she recognized I was happy and the worry and eagerness to help when I was feeling dispirited. Although my grandmother passed away six years ago, her memory is tacit alive through this sweater.Having a goal is not, however, a necessary determine for creation. In the documentary Dancemaker, for example, the featured dancer does not always start dancing with a goal in his mind, as Ulysses and my grandmother two did.

Essay --

During the eleven year long sierra Leonean civilian war, reports of systematic sexual violence against women and girls during the war resulted in international preserve over a potential crisis of HIV/AIDS in the country. In order to manage the imagined impending outbreak, the Ministry of Health and Sanitation (MoHS) in sierra Leone received $15 million from the World Bank to create the Sierra Leone HIV/AIDS Response Program SHARP. In this paper, I level to the work that the worldwide crisis narrative of HIV/AIDS does to shape particular forms of intervention. In Sierra Leone, the global wellness interventions associated with HIV/AIDS be further targeted at vulnerable populations, particularly war-affected women and girls, who are often frame in as both abject victims in need of care (read at risk) and potential vehicles of HIV/AIDS transmission in need of harbor (read risky). In my conclusion, I ask whether the vision of HIV/AIDS vulnerability communicated by SHARP is indic ative of an uneven or differential embellish of wellness citizenship in post-war Sierra Leone.The contemporary model of global wellness intervention is rooted in colonial and post-colonial histories of debt, structural adjustment, the devolution of the evince and the rise of multilateral aid-driven health victimisation. As Sparke (2013) illustrates, the growing global health industry increasingly relies on a new Washington Consensus, which frames improvements in population health as integral to social and economic development in nations of the Global South. Combating diseases of poverty, such as HIV/AIDS, global health interventions often take the form of short-term technocentric solutions that are limited in scope and vertical in instruction execution (Foley & Henrixson 2... ...ent-funded initiatives act as similar states that produce state-like effects of control, regulation and legitimacy. The involvement of these entities in the creation and implementation of HIV/AIDS po licies in Sierra Leone simultaneously disrupts national narratives of health citizenship and creates a global moral politics of intervention (Benton 2012 Kenworthy forthcoming). Through the go along utilization of a crisis model of care to address global health emergencies, the international community perpetuates the mobilization of differential forms of health citizenship that are project at the global scale yet enacted and negotiated in a class of ways at the national and local scales. In the context of the global health industry, such differential health citizenships are practiced by dint of the prioritization of certain bodies for care to the detriment of others.

The Suppression of the Indian Religion and Culture in the New World Ess

Thesis narrationI believe that a profound effect on Indian religion practiced in the newfound World was caused by capital of Ohio and the Age of Discovery. Historical evidence proves that, before in that respect were Europeanson this continent, there were native peoples living in communionwith their environment and, very often, sever all(prenominal)y other. Their religiouspractices were interwoven with their daily lives and religion helda prominent, significant pasture within their culture. The intrusionby Europeans into this peaceful world had profound make on theIndians, especially their religious practices. What had been apeaceful, harmonic lifestyle changed dramatically that fall of1492. The Europeans entered the native peoples world in search ofa sell route to the Indies. They felt it their duty to savethese poor creatures in the style of the King of Spain. It wasntso much that Europe discovered Americas as that it incarnate itand made it a part of its own special, long-held and recentlyratified, view of nature.(Sale p. 75) This dignity would haveprofound effects on these natives to last throughout all time,including the present. Let us begin our search for truth by communicate ourselves thisquestion Why are native peoples in the Americas referred to asIndians? The assignment of these peoples is credited to Columbus. Itwas Columbus, who gave to the peaceable multitude of the islandsthe name, indios - because he considered their habitat to be theIndies, of course, notwithstanding perhaps also because he thought of them asliving in God. (Sanders p. 95) The Spanish word for God isDios. Columbu... ...bert F. Jr. The White Mans Indian. refreshful York AlfredA. Knopf, Inc., 1978.Goodykoontz, Colin Brummitt. Home Missions On The AmericanFrontier. New York Octagon Books, 1971.Lunenfeld, Marvin. 1492 Discovery, Invasion, Encounter. Lexi ngtonD.C. Heath and Company, 1991.Ronda, James P. and Axtell, James. Indian Missions. BloomingtonIndiana University Press, 1978.Royal, Robert. Columbus On Trial 1492 v. 1992. (Royal-01 ART andRoyal-02 HIS).Sale, Kirkpatrick. The Conquest of Paradise. New York Plume, 1991.Sanders, Ronald. Lost Tribes And Promised Lands. New York HarperPerennial, 1992.Shirk, Willis. Encounter With The New World European PsycheConfronting Its Own Dragons. (Shirk-01 HIS).Usner, Daniel H. Jr., Indians, Settlers, & Slaves In A FrontierExchange Economy. chapel service Hill University of North Carolina Press,1992.

Free Oedipus the King Essays: The Worst Enemy of Oedipus :: Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

The Worst Enemy in Oedipus the King In the Greek tragety Oedipus the King Tiresias speaks the truth when he tells Oedipus, you atomic number 18 your own worst enemy. He is too determined to find perplex forward who he is, that shouldnt be so important to himself. He also, is too grand to listen to the gods. He thinks he can get out of avocation through on his fate. So, it is he that dooms himself. First of all, Oedipus is determined to discover who he is. He can not accept things as they are and by stubbornly investigating his past, he is his own worst enemy by destroying his relationships and himself. When he was a young man he heard chatter that his father was not his real birth father. He was bothered to realise the truth from the oracle. He truly believed that his adopted parents were his real parents so he fly the coopd to Thebes so he wouldnt fulfill the oracle. When he finally realise that he killed a man that was old enough to be his father, he considered the fact th at it could have been his father that he killed. That means that he matrimonial his mother. Oedipus drives his mother to kill herself. Storm, then, let it burst Born from nothing though I be proved, let me find that nothing out...My fealty to that family makes me move true to myself. My family I shall prove (Oedipus scalawag 60). Oedipus was a very tall man. I believe that his pride was his biggest character flaw and because of his pride, the conclusion of the routine was tragic. He feels that he has to take responsibility for his actions even though he had no control over them. He doesnt want to live anymore because he married his mother and killed his father and so the oracle had come true. Lost Ah lost At last its blazing clear. Light of my days, go dark. I want to gaze no more. My birth all sprung revealed from those it never should, myself entwined with those I never could. And I the killer of those I never would. (Oedipus page 67). Oedipus did not listen to the Gods. His circumstances determined his fate, but could have been garbled if he had not killed anyone, researched his parents before leaving Corinth, or not been so anxious to punish himself or find the murderer.

Programming Under The Wizards Spell :: essays research papers

The computer is a motherfucker that has become indispensable to the modern family and company. In flourishing so successfully the computer has passed from incredibly complex and unusable to anyone how was not well sexual in its intricacies, to consumer oriented and user-friendly. In Ellen Ullmans essay, Programming Under The Wizards Spell, she attempts to convince to referee that the computer has been over simplified to the point of no return. The simplification of the computer made it much user-friendly and there for more appealing to customers, this exactly blinded people into using the computer the way unified the States wanted them to, using without understanding.First, this essay is a hybrid, it is a mix of the expositive and comparison and contrast essay. In the first part she attempts to examine the differences surrounded by various Microsoft operating systems and the Unix operating system. Then the author tries to answer the brain What is it ? and What is it not ? in paragraphs 3, Ullman states Unix always presumes that you know what youre doing. and in referring to Microsoft she states it as "Consumer-oriented, idiot-proofed, cover by its pretty skin of icons and dialog boxes ...". She has tactfully drawn the boundaries between the two products which start to take one the appearance of the good and the corporate induced regretful. Ullman has now inferred her goal, she wishes to convince the ref of her convictions of the new computerised corporate America. Also, she uses unprejudiced wording, narration and a somewhat comic anecdote of her experiences, effectively leash the reader into drawing negative conclusions about the new consumer oriented computer. She does not truly attempt to be objective but gives that illusion by shortly stating in the first paragraph a reasonable, professional choice in a world where Microsoft platforms are everywhere. This was a reasonably good averment that inspires in the reader to believe that Ell en Ullman is waying the good and the bad. Further more, once finished, the reader can only conclude that there where so many more bad things than good things about Microsoft that it most likely a bad product hinged on reducing our computing freedom. This conclusion is of course the only one possible to anyone how reads the essay. she made it this way but without actually expressing this thinking herself, she is merle telling a story littered with an unfavourable tone of voice that seeped out of the text by her choice of wording "My computer.

Hitler And Stalin During the Period Leading up to World War II :: Papers

Hitler And Stalin During the Period Leading up to World War II Hitler And Stalin During the period leading up to World War II, there were devil famous dictators who were on opposing sides, yet had similar records. These men were Adolph Hitler and Joseph Stalin. They were all(prenominal)(prenominal) triumphant in their rise to strength in their countries and they were very parallel in the ways that they succeeded. Their success was mostly attributed to their new ideas and their politics. Although Hitler and Stalin hated each other, the two leaders were similar in many ways. Hitler and Stalin each come up to the highest position attainable in their respective countries, and there were three main reasons that they were able to do this. Both men were competent users of propaganda, each was amoral, and they both(prenominal) had the ambition to make their countries powerful in the world. Since each was a skilled user of propaganda, they could use the ir words to twist and manipulate the minds of people into accept that what they were saying was the absolute truth. Using this power, they would get people to do anything for them, which proves their amorality. Since their countries were in time trying to recover from World War I, they desired to restore the power back in to their countries. These three reasons will prove that Hitler and Stalin were similar in many ways. The names Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin are synonymous with the word propaganda. In rate to understand how Hitler and Stalin used propaganda, an understanding of what the word means, is required. According to Merriam-Webster, propaganda is the banqueting of ideas to march on or damage a cause also the ideas or allegations spread for a purpose. Hitler and Stalin each used propaganda as their tool to except their ideas and help them gain the backing of the people in their countries. The form of propaganda that Hitler used, and was sure-fire in using, was his words. Hitler made many speeches, but the one that greatly stood give away from the others was his final speech at his

Hope by Emily Dickinson Essay -- Papers Emily Dickinson Hope Essays

Hope by Emily DickinsonAs a literary fair sex of the nineteenth century, Emily Dickinson wrote, ? ?Hope? is a things with feathers- that perches in the soul- and sings a tune without the words- and neer stops- at all.? Are you listening? Does your soul too sing a melody, an ongoing tune to which you delicately move, and never stop? Here Dickinson suggests an chance of life, a struggle for spiritual freedom, that applies to many women within the nineteenth century, as well as the women of today. My consciousness speaks to me a spark of foretaste rests internal my soul, hoping to emerge into the sunlight of each new day. I am a woman I am a delicate woman who listens to Dickinson?s fine words. I listen to the tune that never ends, in a constant search for achieving my own ?space.? Everyday, I struggle to free my join bird from its cage. Dickinson has identified with her internal struggle as a woman, to obtain an outer space, and as the bird, she freed herself from the cage that held her spiritual soul. A caged bird symbolizes Dickinson?s soul. Similarly, fictional women in nineteenth century literature are caged birds. realize for example, Kate Chopin?s, Edna Pontellier in The waken and Charolette Perkins Gilman?s, Woman, in ?The color Wallpaper.?Initially in Kate Chopin?s, The Awakening we meet a fair, frail, passionate woman, Edna Pontellier, whose destiny is to fall into spiritual depression. She is a caged bird that cannot be released from her own spiritual confinement until she recognizes her own dexterity to do so. Edna?s childish, capricious tendencies, concerning her submissiveness towards her ?lovers? and adultery towards her husband create disorderliness in finding the outlet for her freedom and passion. ... ...soul within me? Who keeps the bird from recounting a melody which I understand I ask the aforesaid(prenominal) question for the fictional women I have studied. ?Is it within one?s strength to determine who has the key to the cage As I stick around to struggle for the answers to my questions, I continue to listen to the bird that is perched within my soul, render the ongoing tune- that never stops at all. I too, one day, hope to free myself from the cage that holds me back from life, a free spiritual life. works CitedChopin, Kate. The Awakening, Susan Gilbert, Ed. The Awakening and Selected Stories. New York Penguin Books, 1984. Dickinson, Emily. ?Hope.? The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson. Ed. ThomasH. Johnson. Boston Little, Brown & Company, 1960. Gilman, Charolette Perkins. The Yellow Wallpaper. Wallace Stegner and Mary Stegner,

Free College Essays - Tone, Allusions and Diction in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

The Scarlet Letter - Use of Tone, Allusions and Diction Puritans are closely known for their morality in discipline, religious intolerance, and harsh punishments for those defying their beliefs. These Puritan influences had a great impact on early American literature. Nathaniel Hawthorne provides an illustrated font into the Puritans and their association in his classic The Scarlet Letter. Through Hawthornes use of tone, allusions with Hester and Dimmesdale, and the verbiage that is utilise to describe how the village be declares during the multiple scaffold scenes he provides a reprehension for these rigid moralists extreme way of life. Hawthornes use of tone has revealed his feelings regarding the Puritans. He starts bulge relatively early in the book describing these people as cosmos of the most intolerant brood (86) unveiling at at once the deficiency of understanding they had. Finding out about Hester and Pearl, the village at once scorned them in their hearts, and... reviled them with their tongues (86) exposing to us the discriminating disposition that the Puritans have for those who were not exactly like them or followed their rules. The tone that is inferred from the harsh words allows us to see the negative attitude that the narrator feels for these Protestants. Along with the tone of utter that we can almost hear speak to us with Nathaniel Hawthornes rich only somewhat chilling vocabulary is the allusion among the Puritans and their influence. As the Puritans could see that the same sear stigma was on them both (225), Nathaniel Hawthorne alluded to the same marks on the crucified Christ, disclosing how disrespectful the convictions by the Puritans were. As he discusses the timess to come of puritanical influence, Hawthorne sees them wearing the blackest justness of Puritanism (211). This allusion allows us to see the perniciousness that flourished inside of the Puritans and how it was carried on from one generation to other. The all usions displaying the authors feelings of the religious intolerance of the Puritans are further developed with his choice of diction during the scaffold scenes. The Puritans feelings were so lacking of compassion that they were stern enough to look upon her deathwithout a murmur but had none of the heartlessness of another social state. (53). This implied that when faced with death of a betrayer they would not have a reaction because their commiseration was completely devoted towards social applications.